[
  {
    "start": 3.9,
    "end": 11.07,
    "text": "From five G networks to aerospace systems, from artificial intelligence To quantum technologies."
  },
  {
    "start": 11.25,
    "end": 16.41,
    "text": "From behind the scenes of innovations... ...to real world applications."
  },
  {
    "start": 17.33,
    "end": 20.19,
    "text": "Welcome to Innovations Unplugged!"
  },
  {
    "start": 20.95,
    "end": 23.75,
    "text": "The Rode & Schwarz Technology Podcast."
  },
  {
    "start": 25.97,
    "end": 27.59,
    "text": "I'm Inga Müller-Siedentopf"
  },
  {
    "start": 27.63,
    "end": 28.81,
    "text": "And i am Markus Haller."
  },
  {
    "start": 29.53,
    "end": 43.05,
    "text": "Today we talk about something you use every single day When you sit on your sofa, when you take a coffee in your favorite coffee shop or train at the airport waiting for boarding time."
  },
  {
    "start": 43.75,
    "end": 57.25,
    "text": "Today we talk about Wi-Fi and specifically about Wi Fi eight not standardized fully yet but it is already making waves at Mobile World Congress."
  },
  {
    "start": 57.47,
    "end": 61.61,
    "text": "twenty twenty six The leading trade show"
  },
  {
    "start": 62.83,
    "end": 62.95,
    "text": "the"
  },
  {
    "start": 63.33,
    "end": 65.99,
    "text": "mobile communications industry."
  },
  {
    "start": 67.21,
    "end": 72.33,
    "text": "And today we ask what is new in Wi-Fi eight and why does it matter to all of us?"
  },
  {
    "start": 72.75,
    "end": 87.55,
    "text": "To explore that, We've invited a guest who's been living or breathing wireless for over two decades Gunther Pfeiffer product manager for Wireless LAN signaling at Rodin Schwarz."
  },
  {
    "start": 87.97,
    "end": 88.33,
    "text": "Welcome!"
  },
  {
    "start": 89.19,
    "end": 89.87,
    "text": "Hello thank you."
  },
  {
    "start": 90.67,
    "end": 91.21,
    "text": "nice to be here"
  },
  {
    "start": 91.71,
    "end": 93.59,
    "text": "Günther, first things."
  },
  {
    "start": 93.87,
    "end": 96.01,
    "text": "First we talk about Wi-Fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 96.75,
    "end": 100.61,
    "text": "your role says wireless LAN signaling."
  },
  {
    "start": 101.17,
    "end": 105.81,
    "text": "help me out what's wi-fi versus wireless LAN?"
  },
  {
    "start": 106.77,
    "end": 107.75,
    "text": "Very good question!"
  },
  {
    "start": 109.77,
    "end": 114.55,
    "text": "This is where I would say everybody first of all struggles."
  },
  {
    "start": 114.95,
    "end": 117.57,
    "text": "why do we have different terms for the same thing?"
  },
  {
    "start": 118.31,
    "end": 122.91,
    "text": "The standards The technology that we are talking about is called wireless LAN."
  },
  {
    "start": 123.99,
    "end": 128.35,
    "text": "So it's like LAN, but over-radiated."
  },
  {
    "start": 129.09,
    "end": 138.25,
    "text": "And the standard body is IEEE and they standardize or specify how wireless LAN should work?"
  },
  {
    "start": 138.59,
    "end": 139.61,
    "text": "They call it wireless LAN!"
  },
  {
    "start": 140.97,
    "end": 151.09,
    "text": "Now once its rolled out into industry there was an industry consortium called Wi-Fi Alliance starting more or less at the same time."
  },
  {
    "start": 151.13,
    "end": 154.49,
    "text": "when wireless LAN started, all of their first specifications came out."
  },
  {
    "start": 155.11,
    "end": 158.87,
    "text": "And they said okay this is too complicated."
  },
  {
    "start": 159.29,
    "end": 164.79,
    "text": "IEEE eight oh two eleven something nobody understands that no one can memorize it."
  },
  {
    "start": 164.85,
    "end": 175.73,
    "text": "so They start to build a brand name and call it Wi-Fi which like an artificial word made up of hi-fi and wireless sounds cool created by some marketing companies."
  },
  {
    "start": 178.15,
    "end": 183.73,
    "text": "When standards and specifications come from the IEEE, why do we need another consortium?"
  },
  {
    "start": 184.65,
    "end": 188.85,
    "text": "So this specification describes how technology should work."
  },
  {
    "start": 189.45,
    "end": 194.65,
    "text": "And then everybody starts implementing in industry... ...and there is room for interpretation."
  },
  {
    "start": 194.79,
    "end": 213.65,
    "text": "at one point you will want to make sure that your Wi-Fi device of Type A works with your Wi-Fi access point of brand B. And this interoperability needs to be tested and it's going to be insured, there is the industry consortium Wifi Alliance that does exactly as a focus point."
  },
  {
    "start": 213.95,
    "end": 216.63,
    "text": "Last question on when you mentioned it came up."
  },
  {
    "start": 216.71,
    "end": 220.99,
    "text": "The Wifi alliance was built When Wi-fi came out Pretty close."
  },
  {
    "start": 222.03,
    "end": 222.93,
    "text": "Which time are we talking about?"
  },
  {
    "start": 224.35,
    "end": 239.07,
    "text": "Yeah It more than twenty five actually twenty seven years You can say just before the millennia When the first Wi-Fi standards came out and the first Wifi devices were built on top of that, and Wi-fi Alliance was I think founded in nineteen ninety nine."
  },
  {
    "start": 239.11,
    "end": 244.61,
    "text": "And this is also about time when we started almost with our test equipments on"
  },
  {
    "start": 244.69,
    "end": 245.01,
    "text": "wi-fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 248.19,
    "end": 262.63,
    "text": "at The end of twenty twenty five there are more than twenty one billion connected IoT devices and their primary method of connectivity is Wi-Fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 263.21,
    "end": 273.89,
    "text": "So that means the majority wireless data traffic is transmitted by Wi-Fi, very staggering – and actually surprising at least"
  },
  {
    "start": 278.09,
    "end": 281.39,
    "text": "to me!"
  },
  {
    "start": 282.23,
    "end": 288.05,
    "text": "And it must be a cellular network connection like five G, for example everywhere else."
  },
  {
    "start": 289.33,
    "end": 298.21,
    "text": "But in reality most of that traffic also rides on Wi-Fi at home as well as in offices, hotels schools and even cars or trains via onboard routers."
  },
  {
    "start": 299.39,
    "end": 302.73,
    "text": "Gunther can you share some facts and figures first?"
  },
  {
    "start": 302.89,
    "end": 311.07,
    "text": "On the global wi-fi coverage... Data traffic, what are we talking about in numbers?"
  },
  {
    "start": 311.13,
    "end": 319.21,
    "text": "As you said there is about twenty billion devices that are used today worldwide in Wi-Fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 319.55,
    "end": 326.21,
    "text": "It's way more than any cellular standard or maybe probably even way more then all the cellular standards together."
  },
  {
    "start": 327.01,
    "end": 338.49,
    "text": "There is about four billion Wi-fi devices shipped every single year In total, there is I think a forty five billion Wi-Fi devices that have ever shipped."
  },
  {
    "start": 338.65,
    "end": 347.53,
    "text": "And I would say roughly speaking seventy eighty percent of the traffic goes over Wi-fi even if you're mobile."
  },
  {
    "start": 348.23,
    "end": 349.15,
    "text": "and what i mean with it?"
  },
  {
    "start": 349.29,
    "end": 356.11,
    "text": "Is your day starts to take your phone or check emails whatever in your house while they had breakfast at its wi-fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 356.17,
    "end": 364.09,
    "text": "then you leave your house and yeah okay than it's cellular But only as long as you're walking to your car, because if you have a modern car."
  },
  {
    "start": 364.33,
    "end": 371.39,
    "text": "You have Wi-Fi in the car and that's of course then backhaul connected over cellular but still using actually Wi-fi?"
  },
  {
    "start": 372.47,
    "end": 375.35,
    "text": "Then moving to say train station."
  },
  {
    "start": 375.47,
    "end": 379.85,
    "text": "I come by train every day so train station get into train it is Wi-Fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 380.15,
    "end": 389.57,
    "text": "So you are saying at last mile this connection The user terminal that you currently use to browse the internet is connected with Wi-Fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 390.29,
    "end": 393.71,
    "text": "And how does this terminal connect to the Internet?"
  },
  {
    "start": 393.95,
    "end": 396.27,
    "text": "This is an overlay and this is cellular."
  },
  {
    "start": 396.71,
    "end": 404.81,
    "text": "When we brought up the horizon, talked about industry applications just name a few basic examples of what to imagine."
  },
  {
    "start": 404.93,
    "end": 405.97,
    "text": "What is Wi-Fi Connected?"
  },
  {
    "start": 408.47,
    "end": 413.09,
    "text": "huge number of different devices, machines monitoring devices."
  },
  {
    "start": 413.85,
    "end": 417.45,
    "text": "Think about a hospital or surveillance cameras?"
  },
  {
    "start": 418.49,
    "end": 422.15,
    "text": "Of course your laptop you tablet I mean the normal communication devices."
  },
  {
    "start": 423.27,
    "end": 427.61,
    "text": "sensors have all types of water meters if like electricity meters"
  },
  {
    "start": 428.07,
    "end": 431.33,
    "text": "where did we come from and how are we today?"
  },
  {
    "start": 431.67,
    "end": 431.85,
    "text": "yeah"
  },
  {
    "start": 432.29,
    "end": 433.79,
    "text": "okay that's very good point."
  },
  {
    "start": 433.91,
    "end": 439.77,
    "text": "i mean think Um, for the audience depends how long you are in business."
  },
  {
    "start": 440.67,
    "end": 452.93,
    "text": "But I'm in business since quite a while and-and... ...I remember when i moved into my current house.. ..i bought an ISTN um phone system ."
  },
  {
    "start": 453.19,
    "end": 457.99,
    "text": "I had to unplug my phone , i had to plug in uh modem that i slotted it into my laptop."
  },
  {
    "start": 458.33,
    "end": 466.03,
    "text": "today You open your laptop And before we even know it It's connected, and the emails are replicated because you have to data rate."
  },
  {
    "start": 466.21,
    "end": 470.99,
    "text": "And then infrastructure everywhere as mentioned before it is all compatible."
  },
  {
    "start": 471.55,
    "end": 474.77,
    "text": "That may be another important point for Wi-Fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 475.89,
    "end": 478.81,
    "text": "Because what other devices?"
  },
  {
    "start": 479.41,
    "end": 484.29,
    "text": "These devices that we use in Wi-fi a different age."
  },
  {
    "start": 484.77,
    "end": 488.97,
    "text": "So they were introduced at the point when certain Wi-Fi technology existed, right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 489.65,
    "end": 494.79,
    "text": "But today the Wi-fi technology has evolved and you don't want to buy new fridge just because of your router."
  },
  {
    "start": 495.21,
    "end": 509.77,
    "text": "This backward compatibility from all the latest standards in that same... Yeah, network and that same technology."
  },
  {
    "start": 510.27,
    "end": 522.15,
    "text": "This is a key for Wi-Fi And it doesn't exist in cellular For example and we are talking about in the very first one Data rates in the range of ten megabits per second compared to my ISD n times."
  },
  {
    "start": 522.21,
    "end": 523.47,
    "text": "That was awesome right."
  },
  {
    "start": 523.57,
    "end": 527.81,
    "text": "so twenty eight point eight kilo bits Compared two eleven megabit's."
  },
  {
    "start": 528.91,
    "end": 534.93,
    "text": "Those those numbers though I'm not necessarily The data rate did you that you get as an end user."
  },
  {
    "start": 535.05,
    "end": 537.75,
    "text": "These are the theoretical physical layer data rates."
  },
  {
    "start": 537.89,
    "end": 543.83,
    "text": "at the other day, You always have to deduct some however not every generation of Wi-Fi and necessarily increase the data rate."
  },
  {
    "start": 544.29,
    "end": 545.31,
    "text": "but some did."
  },
  {
    "start": 545.61,
    "end": 561.89,
    "text": "And with a current latest version off Wi-fi seven That is now available and you can go in buy a router devices that supported, then we are talking about double digit gigabits or like twenty gigabytes per second."
  },
  {
    "start": 561.97,
    "end": 562.93,
    "text": "and in the ballpark."
  },
  {
    "start": 566.53,
    "end": 577.17,
    "text": "We tend to think as you mentioned The next generation of Wi-Fi automatically equals more speed so to speak for streaming and everything else."
  },
  {
    "start": 577.23,
    "end": 577.77,
    "text": "what we're doing?"
  },
  {
    "start": 579.33,
    "end": 581.63,
    "text": "give us a fast debrief."
  },
  {
    "start": 582.33,
    "end": 583.59,
    "text": "does That hold true?"
  },
  {
    "start": 583.71,
    "end": 583.83,
    "text": "when?"
  },
  {
    "start": 586.21,
    "end": 587.15,
    "text": "It does not."
  },
  {
    "start": 587.25,
    "end": 588.49,
    "text": "Thank"
  },
  {
    "start": 588.63,
    "end": 589.11,
    "text": "you!"
  },
  {
    "start": 589.15,
    "end": 594.49,
    "text": "That was the fast debrief, it doesn't... So what are"
  },
  {
    "start": 594.53,
    "end": 595.03,
    "text": "they working"
  },
  {
    "start": 596.43,
    "end": 596.55,
    "text": "on?"
  },
  {
    "start": 597.37,
    "end": 598.75,
    "text": "Reliability is key."
  },
  {
    "start": 599.43,
    "end": 613.09,
    "text": "so every generation of Wi-Fi has a certain headline or major topic that wants to address and yes lots."
  },
  {
    "start": 615.97,
    "end": 621.65,
    "text": "So over these last three generations of Wi-Fi, we made it efficient."
  },
  {
    "start": 622.75,
    "end": 623.75,
    "text": "We made it fast."
  },
  {
    "start": 624.63,
    "end": 629.49,
    "text": "so Wi-fi six efficiency with a seven speed and now we make it reliable."
  },
  {
    "start": 629.77,
    "end": 644.37,
    "text": "that means I have high possibility or high potential Getting a connection and maintaining a connection, even in harsh environments."
  },
  {
    "start": 644.43,
    "end": 644.95,
    "text": "Let's say so."
  },
  {
    "start": 645.09,
    "end": 658.43,
    "text": "situations where you cannot easily connect to your access point normally have like a router And there is a ton of users that want to get access, and you might have experienced this before."
  },
  {
    "start": 659.01,
    "end": 673.65,
    "text": "That if you get into a venue where you have Wi-Fi coverage but you haven't been connected with the network before so your phone doesn't automatically select because then And you wait."
  },
  {
    "start": 674.35,
    "end": 676.55,
    "text": "This is a congestion situation, and"
  },
  {
    "start": 676.75,
    "end": 680.95,
    "text": "too many devices want to enter at the same time in the same location."
  },
  {
    "start": 681.21,
    "end": 682.19,
    "text": "one access point private."
  },
  {
    "start": 682.23,
    "end": 682.93,
    "text": "we already talked about."
  },
  {
    "start": 682.99,
    "end": 684.01,
    "text": "it's just frustration right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 684.07,
    "end": 686.43,
    "text": "It's just like how can I get on this network?"
  },
  {
    "start": 687.93,
    "end": 693.37,
    "text": "But if you think about in industry applications, reliability can be extremely important."
  },
  {
    "start": 693.47,
    "end": 693.71,
    "text": "Right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 693.97,
    "end": 696.03,
    "text": "Or is actually an extreme importance?"
  },
  {
    "start": 696.19,
    "end": 705.69,
    "text": "imagine You have a factory and it's covered by Wi-Fi And we have robots working on that factory and they need data and I need to Be controlled In the way."
  },
  {
    "start": 705.81,
    "end": 710.39,
    "text": "so they have a wi-fi connection and that wi fi connection Is unreliable."
  },
  {
    "start": 711.33,
    "end": 711.95,
    "text": "what happens?"
  },
  {
    "start": 712.35,
    "end": 718.15,
    "text": "The one robot smashing the other one or the robot running against a wall, driving it."
  },
  {
    "start": 719.97,
    "end": 725.59,
    "text": "Reliability is extremely important besides all of our features that we covered before"
  },
  {
    "start": 725.69,
    "end": 726.41,
    "text": "in understandings."
  },
  {
    "start": 731.41,
    "end": 733.95,
    "text": "Let's talk about One Elephant In The Room."
  },
  {
    "start": 734.89,
    "end": 743.07,
    "text": "Günther Wi-Fi operates on an unlicensed frequency band not just Wi-fi eight but Wi-Fi in general."
  },
  {
    "start": 743.59,
    "end": 745.89,
    "text": "Günter fillers in what does this mean?"
  },
  {
    "start": 746.73,
    "end": 751.17,
    "text": "That's another specialty to Wi-Fi if you like, compared to cellular at least."
  },
  {
    "start": 752.05,
    "end": 759.01,
    "text": "And the reason is simple... So we do have different unlicensed bands in the frequency spectrum."
  },
  {
    "start": 759.77,
    "end": 764.73,
    "text": "That means everybody can use it, you do not need to acquire a license for using it."
  },
  {
    "start": 765.21,
    "end": 770.37,
    "text": "It's great because you can just go and buy a router and you don't need to worry about licenses or whatever and then plug it in."
  },
  {
    "start": 770.63,
    "end": 772.77,
    "text": "I can do the same And You Can Also Do The Same."
  },
  {
    "start": 772.91,
    "end": 778.33,
    "text": "Then We All Have A Router They All Try To Use That Spectrum And Then We Have An Affirmation Situations."
  },
  {
    "start": 778.51,
    "end": 788.01,
    "text": "If You Think About Now I Live Somewhere In The Countryside But If You Live Hong Kong in a skyscraper with I don't know, one thousand flats and there was a thousand routers."
  },
  {
    "start": 788.15,
    "end": 793.53,
    "text": "And they all fight for the same spectrum on that of course is a total different ball game."
  },
  {
    "start": 793.57,
    "end": 808.93,
    "text": "now this my router has to share frequency spectrum with lots and lots other Wi-Fi routers but i guess also things connected by not Wi-fi like my Bluetooth ear plugs."
  },
  {
    "start": 809.51,
    "end": 813.59,
    "text": "how does Wi-Fi technology handle this situation."
  },
  {
    "start": 814.01,
    "end": 820.63,
    "text": "This is really a difficult situation and there's of course an solution to it, you're right!"
  },
  {
    "start": 820.69,
    "end": 835.79,
    "text": "It not only other Wi-Fi devices like Bluetooth or microwave oven that also uses the same bands maybe emit some radiation unwanted emission, of course that creates noise."
  },
  {
    "start": 836.95,
    "end": 838.41,
    "text": "So how to tackle it?"
  },
  {
    "start": 838.81,
    "end": 849.27,
    "text": "If let's just focus on Wi-Fi if multiple devices want to use the channel there is listen before talk protocol basically."
  },
  {
    "start": 849.41,
    "end": 858.47,
    "text": "so they have two first sense whether the channel is clear and when it's clear, then they can request a transmission."
  },
  {
    "start": 858.67,
    "end": 865.31,
    "text": "And everybody else has to stay silent in that period while somebody uses it."
  },
  {
    "start": 866.19,
    "end": 873.43,
    "text": "This also why this high efficiency came so you could handle multiple devices at the same time, so it's less weight."
  },
  {
    "start": 873.65,
    "end": 875.05,
    "text": "But that is nothing new right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 875.15,
    "end": 876.69,
    "text": "So listen before talk."
  },
  {
    "start": 876.87,
    "end": 881.31,
    "text": "principles were pretty early in the Wi-Fi evolution Right Yes"
  },
  {
    "start": 882.25,
    "end": 889.75,
    "text": "from day one I would say because this is imminent for getting a connection to work without collision."
  },
  {
    "start": 890.15,
    "end": 895.07,
    "text": "there also carrier sense multiple access collision avoidance scheme."
  },
  {
    "start": 895.13,
    "end": 897.67,
    "text": "This i think are very technical termed For The Same Thing."
  },
  {
    "start": 897.73,
    "end": 902.65,
    "text": "Listen Before Talk Sense the channel before you use it to avoid that."
  },
  {
    "start": 902.71,
    "end": 908.59,
    "text": "You collide with the packets for somebody else and then everybody has to resend, so your wasting basically bandwidth."
  },
  {
    "start": 908.91,
    "end": 913.95,
    "text": "That was more of a perspective on how many end users are dialing in right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 914.17,
    "end": 919.63,
    "text": "So when they're crowds trying to use an express point It's too crowded."
  },
  {
    "start": 919.93,
    "end": 920.95,
    "text": "just keep it simple."
  },
  {
    "start": 923.31,
    "end": 926.95,
    "text": "How about the other way around when we talk about Hong Kong?"
  },
  {
    "start": 927.01,
    "end": 936.01,
    "text": "You just mentioned everyone in this huge skycraper has its own access point to send Signals towards other devices."
  },
  {
    "start": 936.27,
    "end": 948.51,
    "text": "Yeah, the lemma is that if you have many Access points you will have a reuse of The same channel because you have more access points than Channel and everybody that uses the same channel like your using isn't interfered to you."
  },
  {
    "start": 949.37,
    "end": 949.89,
    "text": "so you have two."
  },
  {
    "start": 950.83,
    "end": 952.39,
    "text": "try to keep the interference low."
  },
  {
    "start": 952.43,
    "end": 956.57,
    "text": "We have to mitigate that in a way, and there are different ways of doing it."
  },
  {
    "start": 957.55,
    "end": 959.07,
    "text": "Wi-Fi eight comes with new ways."
  },
  {
    "start": 960.65,
    "end": 965.85,
    "text": "up until now you just reduce power levels for example."
  },
  {
    "start": 967.05,
    "end": 976.47,
    "text": "This is local specifications or regulatory requirements That tell how much power your access point as well as station"
  },
  {
    "start": 976.75,
    "end": 977.39,
    "text": "can emit."
  },
  {
    "start": 980.13,
    "end": 983.51,
    "text": "So let's take a closer look on how to solve these challenges."
  },
  {
    "start": 983.75,
    "end": 991.87,
    "text": "On the technical scope, as we just heard it sounds like the old days talking about where were coming from."
  },
  {
    "start": 992.05,
    "end": 999.13,
    "text": "Signals politely waiting their turn to access the channel and send signals."
  },
  {
    "start": 1001.01,
    "end": 1004.43,
    "text": "How do you move from polite but more unpredictable world?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1005.33,
    "end": 1007.99,
    "text": "To super predictable at all times under pressure?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1008.53,
    "end": 1011.13,
    "text": "that is what we're talking about when we talk of reliability, right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1011.73,
    "end": 1012.85,
    "text": "With the Hong Kong scenario."
  },
  {
    "start": 1012.99,
    "end": 1015.91,
    "text": "Right many access points in a skyscraper."
  },
  {
    "start": 1017.33,
    "end": 1027.19,
    "text": "so how can we make sure those access points don't create uh a lot of interference to each other by coordination."
  },
  {
    "start": 1027.39,
    "end": 1036.39,
    "text": "So these access points need to be aware of other access points using the same resource, for example and coordinate their activities there."
  },
  {
    "start": 1036.45,
    "end": 1037.829,
    "text": "traffic that power levels."
  },
  {
    "start": 1037.97,
    "end": 1041.069,
    "text": "they're resources assignments whatever right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1041.77,
    "end": 1043.99,
    "text": "And there is a feature in my fight."
  },
  {
    "start": 1044.03,
    "end": 1046.93,
    "text": "it's called coordinated access points right end."
  },
  {
    "start": 1047.069,
    "end": 1050.81,
    "text": "actually again There was more features under this headline of coordinated access point."
  },
  {
    "start": 1051.47,
    "end": 1053.73,
    "text": "have to be situation-aware if you like."
  },
  {
    "start": 1053.81,
    "end": 1053.97,
    "text": "read."
  },
  {
    "start": 1054.03,
    "end": 1070.61,
    "text": "You Have To Know what is happening around you in order to select, for example the band or channel that your using and maybe also change it dynamically depending on changing."
  },
  {
    "start": 1072.01,
    "end": 1075.55,
    "text": "What we covered so far was management of whole system."
  },
  {
    "start": 1077.23,
    "end": 1078.19,
    "text": "other options?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1078.57,
    "end": 1079.53,
    "text": "What are Wi-Fi?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1080.53,
    "end": 1085.15,
    "text": "eight tackling to solve challenges before?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1085.55,
    "end": 1090.23,
    "text": "There is other factors, of course in respect to reliability."
  },
  {
    "start": 1090.59,
    "end": 1098.73,
    "text": "I have temperature sensors that are Wi-Fi connected or in my garden and this is a difficult connection situation right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1098.77,
    "end": 1107.31,
    "text": "It's using two point four gigahertz and it somewhere out in the garden...it can hardly reach my access point walls windows and just distance."
  },
  {
    "start": 1107.75,
    "end": 1110.85,
    "text": "so The signal attenuates."
  },
  {
    "start": 1110.91,
    "end": 1113.97,
    "text": "and maybe these sensors are like IoT sensors, right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1114.69,
    "end": 1117.99,
    "text": "They have to be cheap so you don't have the latest and greatest."
  },
  {
    "start": 1118.09,
    "end": 1122.59,
    "text": "And most powerful amplifiers or whatever in there because it's all a matter of cost."
  },
  {
    "start": 1122.87,
    "end": 1126.35,
    "text": "now how can we increase reliability?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1126.85,
    "end": 1127.57,
    "text": "here We go again."
  },
  {
    "start": 1127.97,
    "end": 1128.33,
    "text": "I draw high."
  },
  {
    "start": 1128.41,
    "end": 1130.13,
    "text": "Reliability is what Wi-Fi eight is called."
  },
  {
    "start": 1130.17,
    "end": 1132.79,
    "text": "How can we increased reliability In the connection?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1132.89,
    "end": 1135.03,
    "text": "two my temperature sensor out in my garden"
  },
  {
    "start": 1135.07,
    "end": 1137.23,
    "text": "just increased that transmission power."
  },
  {
    "start": 1137.49,
    "end": 1139.07,
    "text": "So this would be my approach?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1140.29,
    "end": 1143.97,
    "text": "Exactly, but regulatory requirements have to be fulfilled."
  },
  {
    "start": 1144.05,
    "end": 1153.23,
    "text": "so you are not allowed Now, how can you still do this?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1153.61,
    "end": 1155.37,
    "text": "Otherwise just a quick recovery."
  },
  {
    "start": 1155.47,
    "end": 1168.05,
    "text": "Otherwise spectrum monitoring experts all the covered by Rodin Schwarz equipment and solutions wouldn't knock on your door asking what is happening when your radio frequency is like in chaos."
  },
  {
    "start": 1169.37,
    "end": 1175.93,
    "text": "exactly if you're transmitting onto high power The regulatory body might knock on Your Door And say You have to shut This down right."
  },
  {
    "start": 1176.59,
    "end": 1182.85,
    "text": "So Wi-Fi eight, as I said can use a different mechanism to assign these resources."
  },
  {
    "start": 1182.97,
    "end": 1183.81,
    "text": "To that user."
  },
  {
    "start": 1185.09,
    "end": 1194.71,
    "text": "it's still a resource unit but is now distributed over the frequency band or with all of the bandwidth and then its called a Distributed Resource Unit And It sounds more complicated."
  },
  {
    "start": 1195.45,
    "end": 1204.51,
    "text": "But The advantage Is i cannot really transmit on higher power without violating any limits because What is important?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1205.23,
    "end": 1206.47,
    "text": "power spectral density."
  },
  {
    "start": 1206.69,
    "end": 1211.05,
    "text": "So how much power am I transmitting in a megahertz?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1211.33,
    "end": 1212.29,
    "text": "Now, here's the trick."
  },
  {
    "start": 1212.37,
    "end": 1213.07,
    "text": "and Wi-Fi eight."
  },
  {
    "start": 1213.97,
    "end": 1227.75,
    "text": "if i have many resource units In that one megahertz then every resource unit can transmit only on a lower power because in total over this megahertz This all sums up into a certain power spectral Density."
  },
  {
    "start": 1228.39,
    "end": 1235.99,
    "text": "But If I Have Only One Resource Unit And That Megahertz that resource unit can transmit on a higher power without violating the power spectral density."
  },
  {
    "start": 1237.09,
    "end": 1241.99,
    "text": "So now if I transmit it at a high power, then i have longer reach right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1242.17,
    "end": 1246.25,
    "text": "If you shout out and people further awake still hear you same thing!"
  },
  {
    "start": 1246.87,
    "end": 1254.67,
    "text": "Higher Power means Further Reach means my temperature sensor in my garden all of sudden can reach my access point where today barely"
  },
  {
    "start": 1254.79,
    "end": 1255.01,
    "text": "can."
  },
  {
    "start": 1257.55,
    "end": 1269.25,
    "text": "Take a closer look on the test and measurement side of it, because Rode & Schwarz is not producing routers or smart phone chip designs for Wi-Fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 1269.81,
    "end": 1272.55,
    "text": "We are on the tester measurements site for Wi Fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 1273.73,
    "end": 1277.43,
    "text": "Fill us in what does our toolbox looks like?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1277.83,
    "end": 1284.35,
    "text": "Funny enough if you're like we actually produce a Wi-fi access point."
  },
  {
    "start": 1284.55,
    "end": 1285.53,
    "text": "What are we doing?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1286.31,
    "end": 1291.17,
    "text": "We are doing a test equipment that mimics to be an access point."
  },
  {
    "start": 1292.27,
    "end": 1300.43,
    "text": "So we, if you like developing and access points that sits inside our test equipment."
  },
  {
    "start": 1300.57,
    "end": 1301.57,
    "text": "because what do you want?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1301.61,
    "end": 1308.61,
    "text": "A test is say your smartphone right it has on Wi-Fi chip in their wife can create Wifi connection."
  },
  {
    "start": 1309.11,
    "end": 1311.25,
    "text": "now I should create this Wi-fi connection two us."
  },
  {
    "start": 1311.71,
    "end": 1313.19,
    "text": "so we have to be the access point."
  },
  {
    "start": 1314.09,
    "end": 1315.65,
    "text": "So we are the access point, your Wi-Fi."
  },
  {
    "start": 1316.25,
    "end": 1318.27,
    "text": "Your smartphone connects or Wi-fi to our access points."
  },
  {
    "start": 1318.31,
    "end": 1320.61,
    "text": "so now we can see what happens on the air interface?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1320.73,
    "end": 1322.63,
    "text": "How is this transmission looking like?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1322.93,
    "end": 1323.65,
    "text": "Is it a spectrum?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1323.87,
    "end": 1325.21,
    "text": "What does the spectrum occupy?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1325.69,
    "end": 1327.13,
    "text": "how well is modulated?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1328.31,
    "end": 1330.95,
    "text": "how good is the receive sensitivity of your device?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1331.01,
    "end": 1332.77,
    "text": "Can it decode what I'm sending?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1332.87,
    "end": 1335.43,
    "text": "and so on, these are the parameters we typically look at."
  },
  {
    "start": 1335.79,
    "end": 1339.39,
    "text": "And in order to get through that... We have to get onto this connection!"
  },
  {
    "start": 1339.61,
    "end": 1342.17,
    "text": "To make this happen, WE ARE AN ACCESS"
  },
  {
    "start": 1342.25,
    "end": 1342.51,
    "text": "POINT!!!"
  },
  {
    "start": 1342.93,
    "end": 1359.29,
    "text": "So if you like i could use that instrument that i am responsible for, CMEX-FIVE HUNDRED, our radio contester,... ...and hook it up at home as my access point.... It could even be Wi-Fi eight which you cannot buy today but.. access point, backhaul it."
  },
  {
    "start": 1359.65,
    "end": 1363.75,
    "text": "Back onto my DSL line and there we go!"
  },
  {
    "start": 1363.89,
    "end": 1365.07,
    "text": "We have a Wi-Fi at Access Point."
  },
  {
    "start": 1365.77,
    "end": 1375.93,
    "text": "but yeah...we're talking about stuff that will be visible for general users in years to come."
  },
  {
    "start": 1376.57,
    "end": 1377.71,
    "text": "And were testing today."
  },
  {
    "start": 1378.67,
    "end": 1382.01,
    "text": "What are we testing against or who the customers first needed?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1382.11,
    "end": 1383.27,
    "text": "These are chipset makers."
  },
  {
    "start": 1383.37,
    "end": 1384.41,
    "text": "what is a chip set maker?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1385.25,
    "end": 1390.65,
    "text": "well The Wi-Fi in your phone, for example is not built by whoever builds your phone."
  },
  {
    "start": 1390.75,
    "end": 1393.59,
    "text": "But they typically buy that chipset."
  },
  {
    "start": 1394.55,
    "end": 1402.77,
    "text": "some do it themselves but most people just buy the chip set from a company that has specialized in there and They build this chipset very early in time."
  },
  {
    "start": 1403.37,
    "end": 1407.25,
    "text": "so you have to integrate them get stuff done on your device or your phone."
  },
  {
    "start": 1409.33,
    "end": 1413.87,
    "text": "So they have an early demand of new technology And these are our customers today."
  },
  {
    "start": 1416.41,
    "end": 1418.35,
    "text": "A final question to you personally."
  },
  {
    "start": 1418.97,
    "end": 1419.83,
    "text": "How does it feel?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1421.05,
    "end": 1427.45,
    "text": "To see the future of Wi-Fi taking shape and that as part of your daily work,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1428.47,
    "end": 1430.23,
    "text": "yeah It's awesome."
  },
  {
    "start": 1430.73,
    "end": 1431.71,
    "text": "this is why I love it."
  },
  {
    "start": 1433.09,
    "end": 1434.79,
    "text": "This is what do its in so long?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1434.83,
    "end": 1451.39,
    "text": "um i really enjoy That job whether it's wi-fi or any other of the radio technologies that we are testing on our tester Being part of what everybody knows in a way, but nobody really knows how it works."
  },
  {
    "start": 1451.45,
    "end": 1460.49,
    "text": "And detail and how this new technologies evolve over time and shape exactly as you say What happens?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1460.71,
    "end": 1461.35,
    "text": "In the future?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1462.15,
    "end": 1479.35,
    "text": "being like ahead-of-the-curve being very early in touch with all these people having those technical discussions and seeing how we could make this work comes to life is inspiring."
  },
  {
    "start": 1479.43,
    "end": 1486.39,
    "text": "To me, uh since I do this job and now i'm doing it Since a number of years Now And It's not-I'm Not Getting Tired Of It Yet"
  },
  {
    "start": 1487.97,
    "end": 1489.67,
    "text": "Our Episode on Wi-Fi Eight."
  },
  {
    "start": 1490.17,
    "end": 1491.85,
    "text": "We Saw Why It Matters."
  },
  {
    "start": 1492.25,
    "end": 1493.27,
    "text": "We Saw What's Hard."
  },
  {
    "start": 1493.77,
    "end": 1494.69,
    "text": "How Can We Solve It?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1495.19,
    "end": 1495.35,
    "text": "Where"
  },
  {
    "start": 1495.59,
    "end": 1495.75,
    "text": "Is It"
  },
  {
    "start": 1495.91,
    "end": 1496.57,
    "text": "All Going?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1497.53,
    "end": 1501.79,
    "text": "If You Are On The Mobile World Congress Twenty Sixth you can Meet our Team."
  },
  {
    "start": 1502.07,
    "end": 1503.09,
    "text": "Or Just Ask for Günther."
  },
  {
    "start": 1504.13,
    "end": 1504.85,
    "text": "Yeah, I'll be there."
  },
  {
    "start": 1506.79,
    "end": 1506.87,
    "text": "So"
  },
  {
    "start": 1507.73,
    "end": 1514.31,
    "text": "subscribe to Innovations Unplugged wherever you listen and follow Rode & Schwarz on LinkedIn for updates."
  },
  {
    "start": 1514.77,
    "end": 1516.93,
    "text": "big thanks to our guest Günther."
  },
  {
    "start": 1517.95,
    "end": 1518.25,
    "text": "Thank You!"
  },
  {
    "start": 1519.63,
    "end": 1522.89,
    "text": "And of course to all of our listeners for tuning in."
  },
  {
    "start": 1523.27,
    "end": 1523.93,
    "text": "see you next time."
  },
  {
    "start": 1524.21,
    "end": 1525.55,
    "text": "don't forget to subscribe."
  }
]