[
  {
    "start": 5.74,
    "end": 8.53,
    "text": "From five-G networks to aerospace systems,"
  },
  {
    "start": 8.65,
    "end": 8.85,
    "text": "from"
  },
  {
    "start": 9.129,
    "end": 12.89,
    "text": "artificial intelligence... ...to quantum technologies."
  },
  {
    "start": 13.07,
    "end": 14.15,
    "text": "From behind"
  },
  {
    "start": 14.25,
    "end": 14.89,
    "text": "the scenes of"
  },
  {
    "start": 14.97,
    "end": 15.69,
    "text": "innovations,..."
  },
  {
    "start": 16.17,
    "end": 18.23,
    "text": "...to real world applications."
  },
  {
    "start": 19.15,
    "end": 22.01,
    "text": "Welcome to Innovations Unplugged!"
  },
  {
    "start": 22.77,
    "end": 25.59,
    "text": "The Rode & Schwarz Technology Podcast."
  },
  {
    "start": 26.83,
    "end": 29.09,
    "text": "Yeah hello I'm Inge Müller-Sientop"
  },
  {
    "start": 29.31,
    "end": 30.21,
    "text": "and I am Markus Hala."
  },
  {
    "start": 30.39,
    "end": 30.73,
    "text": "welcome."
  },
  {
    "start": 31.09,
    "end": 47.29,
    "text": "We're happy to host this show about bringing mobile connectivity from the ground up into space, connecting satellites with a terrestrial network infrastructure and even your own mobile devices."
  },
  {
    "start": 47.61,
    "end": 61.79,
    "text": "We explore five G NTN that's five g non-terrestrial networks one of the most exciting topics in mobile communications, mobile connectivity these days."
  },
  {
    "start": 62.11,
    "end": 69.15,
    "text": "And the big promise behind non-terrestrial networks is better coverage for your and"
  },
  {
    "start": 69.389,
    "end": 69.63,
    "text": "my"
  },
  {
    "start": 70.07,
    "end": 72.509,
    "text": "mobile connection, from a mobile phone!"
  },
  {
    "start": 91.11,
    "end": 92.669,
    "text": "talk about better connections."
  },
  {
    "start": 93.009,
    "end": 98.59,
    "text": "I would add sometimes we talked about connections at all, i'm from the very north of Germany."
  },
  {
    "start": 99.25,
    "end": 111.75,
    "text": "it's called Ostfriesland and when I visit my parents...I still have some problems with a mobile network coverage up there."
  },
  {
    "start": 113.07,
    "end": 118.41,
    "text": "maybe we can figure out why But there are other use cases when coverage is not there."
  },
  {
    "start": 118.59,
    "end": 127.75,
    "text": "We talk about catastrophes, we talked about earthquake regions... ...when mobile infrastructure is critical but not a given."
  },
  {
    "start": 128.789,
    "end": 143.109,
    "text": "and sometimes regarding these days.. ..we also talk about geopolitics where their intentions to have mobile connectivity for some regions."
  },
  {
    "start": 143.51,
    "end": 150.15,
    "text": "Tim, do you have some facts and figures for us to grasp the scale of that spots today?"
  },
  {
    "start": 150.53,
    "end": 156.73,
    "text": "Do we have to consider how many areas are basically completely uncovered by any cellular coverage like"
  },
  {
    "start": 157.41,
    "end": 157.47,
    "text": "e.g.,"
  },
  {
    "start": 157.769,
    "end": 158.049,
    "text": "the sea?"
  },
  {
    "start": 159.31,
    "end": 169.07,
    "text": "but also when we look into other use cases such as search-and-rescue or emergency case or critical infrastructure it's getting a really serious problem."
  },
  {
    "start": 169.19,
    "end": 172.79,
    "text": "How to solve these issues and how to get the coverage where you need it?"
  },
  {
    "start": 173.07,
    "end": 176.269,
    "text": "Maybe one step back, we figured out that we do have debt spots."
  },
  {
    "start": 176.67,
    "end": 178.31,
    "text": "We do have coverage issues."
  },
  {
    "start": 178.43,
    "end": 183.209,
    "text": "Why is extending the classic terrestrial infrastructure not an option?"
  },
  {
    "start": 183.769,
    "end": 196.31,
    "text": "The thing about mountains when putting cables up there with the whole infrastructure It's very expensive when you look into scaling."
  },
  {
    "start": 196.41,
    "end": 202.25,
    "text": "So let's say, now we have an area where okay here I want to install a new base station because i expect more users."
  },
  {
    "start": 203.269,
    "end": 205.09,
    "text": "but what about in another area?"
  },
  {
    "start": 205.23,
    "end": 209.329,
    "text": "Where if not considered at that point More users are coming up?"
  },
  {
    "start": 209.57,
    "end": 215.59,
    "text": "You need rethink your infrastructure again and so it is like basically run against the time."
  },
  {
    "start": 215.93,
    "end": 220.47,
    "text": "how many people will come to specific areas or demand would get higher?"
  },
  {
    "start": 220.53,
    "end": 224.45,
    "text": "And the advantage here with the satellite is, the satellite's there."
  },
  {
    "start": 224.549,
    "end": 228.43,
    "text": "The coverage already there and you can scale it much faster."
  },
  {
    "start": 228.67,
    "end": 255.73,
    "text": "You can scale on demand or fly depending what bandwidth maybe your need Or how many users u expect OR you also just temporarily activate which for example in areas where you have earthquakes or something like that Where you need very fast a big coverage of satellite communication for the people or just temporarily, but if you don't need it You can just disable it again because the cellular network is back."
  },
  {
    "start": 255.79,
    "end": 255.87,
    "text": "Fill"
  },
  {
    "start": 255.93,
    "end": 256.85,
    "text": "us a bit more in."
  },
  {
    "start": 256.93,
    "end": 261.709,
    "text": "what's the difference when we talk about existing satellite comms?"
  },
  {
    "start": 261.95,
    "end": 270.909,
    "text": "The sailor who has like a satellite phone on his boat cruising through the seas and We do have terrestrial comms."
  },
  {
    "start": 271.67,
    "end": 275.99,
    "text": "Yeah so the differences basically how technically implemented."
  },
  {
    "start": 276.03,
    "end": 276.75,
    "text": "That's the one thing."
  },
  {
    "start": 276.81,
    "end": 280.63,
    "text": "and how is it approachable for the consumer market, for the mass-market?"
  },
  {
    "start": 281.13,
    "end": 285.13,
    "text": "The operator which are nowadays offering basically these satellite coverage."
  },
  {
    "start": 285.469,
    "end": 286.61,
    "text": "they're doing a very good job!"
  },
  {
    "start": 286.83,
    "end": 288.07,
    "text": "They are doing that for long time."
  },
  {
    "start": 288.53,
    "end": 289.77,
    "text": "there isn't no other option."
  },
  {
    "start": 289.81,
    "end": 294.29,
    "text": "There are few operators where you can go to South and North Pole."
  },
  {
    "start": 294.39,
    "end": 300.99,
    "text": "This is very difficult to cover but... You cannot bring this to the mass market to the consumer market."
  },
  {
    "start": 301.07,
    "end": 301.27,
    "text": "Why?"
  },
  {
    "start": 301.59,
    "end": 310.99,
    "text": "Because you need dedicated devices and I don't know whether you have seen how a satellite phone looks like, but it's very bulky that our phones... It"
  },
  {
    "start": 311.03,
    "end": 312.99,
    "text": "is kind of like mobile phones we are coming from"
  },
  {
    "start": 313.11,
    "end": 314.19,
    "text": "right now with"
  },
  {
    "start": 314.65,
    "end": 316.03,
    "text": "this huge case of mobile phones!"
  },
  {
    "start": 316.77,
    "end": 317.43,
    "text": "Kind-of yeah."
  },
  {
    "start": 318.01,
    "end": 322.27,
    "text": "And in this case because what is the difference?"
  },
  {
    "start": 323.21,
    "end": 329.43,
    "text": "basically the satellite communication is integrated to the normal phone communication."
  },
  {
    "start": 329.49,
    "end": 338.469,
    "text": "So, the phone can talk basically cellular but it can also talk satellite But its all in one device and this is magic behind that."
  },
  {
    "start": 338.63,
    "end": 342.15,
    "text": "these technologies are combined not running as a separate stream anymore"
  },
  {
    "start": 345.25,
    "end": 345.409,
    "text": "Tim."
  },
  {
    "start": 345.69,
    "end": 351.849,
    "text": "so we learned there's need for it And It´s good idea go into space with your connectivity."
  },
  {
    "start": 353.01,
    "end": 360.25,
    "text": "The obvious question why don't you have already, what are the challenges you have to overcome?"
  },
  {
    "start": 360.469,
    "end": 361.05,
    "text": "To make it real."
  },
  {
    "start": 362.07,
    "end": 364.59,
    "text": "Well, the normal cellular communication is working."
  },
  {
    "start": 364.67,
    "end": 373.99,
    "text": "your connected to a base station which has maybe just few kilometers away right as located on a building or somewhere and You don't have a lot of things you need to consider at that point."
  },
  {
    "start": 374.69,
    "end": 376.75,
    "text": "but The big challenge is we go up to the sky."
  },
  {
    "start": 377.07,
    "end": 379.55,
    "text": "so we have for example very long delays."
  },
  {
    "start": 379.63,
    "end": 380.969,
    "text": "We're talking about satellites."
  },
  {
    "start": 381.07,
    "end": 384.99,
    "text": "they can be thirty six thousand kilometers away from us."
  },
  {
    "start": 385.11,
    "end": 389.93,
    "text": "This is a completely different scale than when you consider five or ten kilometers."
  },
  {
    "start": 390.53,
    "end": 393.01,
    "text": "Okay, I'm starting to see this as real difference."
  },
  {
    "start": 393.849,
    "end": 394.03,
    "text": "Why?"
  },
  {
    "start": 394.21,
    "end": 395.31,
    "text": "Is that a big problem?"
  },
  {
    "start": 396.67,
    "end": 413.67,
    "text": "well When we have a phone call or video call for example And there is already a slight delay in the communication You start interrupting each other all the time because before i am done with my sentence For example right you maybe also start talking, and then we are in kind of a deadlock."
  },
  {
    "start": 414.05,
    "end": 419.31,
    "text": "So the first problem is really this real time applications where timing is very crucial."
  },
  {
    "start": 419.39,
    "end": 420.17,
    "text": "in communication."
  },
  {
    "start": 420.67,
    "end": 423.05,
    "text": "This is when delay kicks-in hard."
  },
  {
    "start": 424.37,
    "end": 430.89,
    "text": "You need to try find solutions that can overcome or work at least against it To some point"
  },
  {
    "start": 439.349,
    "end": 443.59,
    "text": "very close distance, and now we got much longer latency times."
  },
  {
    "start": 443.969,
    "end": 449.73,
    "text": "And you have to make the whole mobile communications infrastructure in protocols work with that."
  },
  {
    "start": 450.79,
    "end": 453.51,
    "text": "so it sounds like a huge task too."
  },
  {
    "start": 453.849,
    "end": 453.93,
    "text": "We"
  },
  {
    "start": 454.23,
    "end": 454.37,
    "text": "fit"
  },
  {
    "start": 454.909,
    "end": 455.67,
    "text": "all of this."
  },
  {
    "start": 456.65,
    "end": 457.27,
    "text": "indeed It is."
  },
  {
    "start": 457.37,
    "end": 458.83,
    "text": "So The idea behind That Is?"
  },
  {
    "start": 458.95,
    "end": 466.75,
    "text": "That the phone and the base station when we talk about cellular they're exchanging information All The Time That The Signal Can Be Adjusted."
  },
  {
    "start": 467.37,
    "end": 479.23,
    "text": "And the good thing is with the NTN extension of five G, these messages were basically extended for example that the phone knows how far as to satellite in which direction it's a satellite going."
  },
  {
    "start": 479.69,
    "end": 488.89,
    "text": "This information can help pre-calculate communication and make working as well possible."
  },
  {
    "start": 490.25,
    "end": 491.49,
    "text": "That was just one challenge."
  },
  {
    "start": 491.75,
    "end": 494.63,
    "text": "so what else do you have think about?"
  },
  {
    "start": 495.37,
    "end": 500.21,
    "text": "I think one of the biggest challenges in addition to delay is moving, right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 500.33,
    "end": 502.37,
    "text": "So a base station normally doesn't move."
  },
  {
    "start": 502.969,
    "end": 520.63,
    "text": "A base station is installed somewhere and you as user maybe it's moving with car or train by walk but... In satellite communication when we talk about satellites which are around five hundred two just few thousand kilometers away They are moving very fast."
  },
  {
    "start": 520.93,
    "end": 524.53,
    "text": "So they're coming and going, all the time!"
  },
  {
    "start": 524.93,
    "end": 530.01,
    "text": "And here is a big challenge to keep the signal still continuously connected."
  },
  {
    "start": 530.07,
    "end": 540.03,
    "text": "basically that the end user does not even see connecting between thousands of satellites back and forth over-the-time."
  },
  {
    "start": 541.01,
    "end": 541.35,
    "text": "but this"
  },
  {
    "start": 543.09,
    "end": 552.01,
    "text": "signal is hopping exactly The current satellite and the next satellite very smooth."
  },
  {
    "start": 553.63,
    "end": 560.87,
    "text": "So you don't really see it, You don't feel It's so fast that as a user... ...you are just online right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 561.13,
    "end": 563.15,
    "text": "And this is from technical point of view."
  },
  {
    "start": 563.57,
    "end": 564.47,
    "text": "This Is A Big Challenge!"
  },
  {
    "start": 565.15,
    "end": 571.85,
    "text": "In five-G NTN Leo Low Earth Orbit Closer to earth surface than geoorbits."
  },
  {
    "start": 572.17,
    "end": 575.99,
    "text": "So the run time of signal is much lower."
  },
  {
    "start": 576.05,
    "end": 584.43,
    "text": "So we are talking about twenty milliseconds, so here applications like a video call or an audio call feels much more natural and better."
  },
  {
    "start": 584.97,
    "end": 594.77,
    "text": "but since we're very close to the Earth's satellites I'm moving And that causes the drawback compared to the geo which our fixed We have do hand over all of time."
  },
  {
    "start": 595.53,
    "end": 602.19,
    "text": "You just dropped The twenty milliseconds Is it from earth to satellite?"
  },
  {
    "start": 602.39,
    "end": 605.43,
    "text": "Or the whole loop from device to device."
  },
  {
    "start": 605.47,
    "end": 606.55,
    "text": "What are you counting here?"
  },
  {
    "start": 606.83,
    "end": 610.03,
    "text": "In this case, You can say it basically as a round trip time."
  },
  {
    "start": 610.63,
    "end": 618.05,
    "text": "but This is really the absolutely calculated under perfect conditions values which Are normally communicated."
  },
  {
    "start": 618.57,
    "end": 622.91,
    "text": "Normally The variance Is very high Here because depends on weather Conditions."
  },
  {
    "start": 623.15,
    "end": 630.67,
    "text": "for example if we have Very heavy rainfall snowfall clouds This has A huge impact On the signal."
  },
  {
    "start": 630.77,
    "end": 630.97,
    "text": "why?"
  },
  {
    "start": 631.07,
    "end": 632.45,
    "text": "Because the distance So far."
  },
  {
    "start": 633.09,
    "end": 637.37,
    "text": "Normally in cellular communication when you have rain or snow, You don't care."
  },
  {
    "start": 637.59,
    "end": 640.61,
    "text": "The phone doesn't care because the distance is very short."
  },
  {
    "start": 641.03,
    "end": 648.91,
    "text": "but here Distance so far that this signal Is getting so attenuated... ...you will feel it at some point."
  },
  {
    "start": 650.13,
    "end": 660.33,
    "text": "So we can say That the factor basically of from a Leo to Geo satellite We are talking about like ten to fifteen times from the runtime, right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 660.39,
    "end": 665.69,
    "text": "From the signal delay which also depends on applications what you can do."
  },
  {
    "start": 666.11,
    "end": 669.73,
    "text": "Why a geo-satellite running video call will not be possible?"
  },
  {
    "start": 669.85,
    "end": 671.41,
    "text": "because it just takes too long."
  },
  {
    "start": 671.47,
    "end": 675.51,
    "text": "we are talking about seconds of delay in real test environment."
  },
  {
    "start": 677.79,
    "end": 681.09,
    "text": "How does Rode & Schwarz fit into here?"
  },
  {
    "start": 681.21,
    "end": 684.23,
    "text": "We're NOT producing mobile phones!"
  },
  {
    "start": 684.31,
    "end": 689.59,
    "text": "We're not producing satellites and not sending them up to space."
  },
  {
    "start": 690.23,
    "end": 690.99,
    "text": "What are we doing?"
  },
  {
    "start": 691.63,
    "end": 693.77,
    "text": "And why is that so"
  },
  {
    "start": 693.91,
    "end": 694.39,
    "text": "important?\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 695.59,
    "end": 699.71,
    "text": "You have to know there's a lot of parties involved."
  },
  {
    "start": 700.17,
    "end": 708.49,
    "text": "We've got the chipset companies, phone manufacturers who might integrate their own chip or another one."
  },
  {
    "start": 708.53,
    "end": 716.65,
    "text": "We also have the satellite network operator and mobile phone network operators with lots more parties involved in this work."
  },
  {
    "start": 718.21,
    "end": 728.01,
    "text": "All these parties... They require to validate and test their part or maybe other parts that they can say my equipment is properly working."
  },
  {
    "start": 728.09,
    "end": 735.79,
    "text": "And talking as my phone will expect in the future, The demand to really verify each individual step of this whole chain?"
  },
  {
    "start": 736.33,
    "end": 745.99,
    "text": "This Is what it's required basically from the companies who are offering the end device consumer device parts off debt or infrastructure and the equipment."
  },
  {
    "start": 746.29,
    "end": 751.85,
    "text": "we as Roder & Schwarz offering is basically that we can emulate different parts of this chain."
  },
  {
    "start": 752.57,
    "end": 759.65,
    "text": "And just to make it clear, when we talk about emulating... We kind of imitate real signals?"
  },
  {
    "start": 759.89,
    "end": 760.07,
    "text": "Yes!"
  },
  {
    "start": 760.17,
    "end": 760.99,
    "text": "It's a real signal."
  },
  {
    "start": 761.27,
    "end": 761.47,
    "text": "yes.."
  },
  {
    "start": 762.27,
    "end": 775.51,
    "text": "We know the specifications for signals around us ...and are able to reproduce them and check if their devices For example, as you mentioned is a mobile phone."
  },
  {
    "start": 776.27,
    "end": 779.21,
    "text": "Is working in that environment?"
  },
  {
    "start": 779.99,
    "end": 781.87,
    "text": "As it is supposed to work right."
  },
  {
    "start": 782.07,
    "end": 783.89,
    "text": "correct and why's this so important?"
  },
  {
    "start": 783.93,
    "end": 788.57,
    "text": "because for the for the phone The phone is connecting to our device but the phone doesn't know."
  },
  {
    "start": 789.05,
    "end": 798.03,
    "text": "we are basically just imitating what the phone is seeing And that makes it interesting Because We Are under control of the signal which the phone can receive."
  },
  {
    "start": 798.63,
    "end": 799.59,
    "text": "then they can do measurements."
  },
  {
    "start": 800.97,
    "end": 807.09,
    "text": "Can You give us a brief concept of what are we talking about when we talk about the signal."
  },
  {
    "start": 807.49,
    "end": 815.91,
    "text": "So basically, one of the parameters is how strong is the signal?"
  },
  {
    "start": 815.95,
    "end": 818.41,
    "text": "You can imagine like... How loud are you talking!"
  },
  {
    "start": 818.71,
    "end": 821.43,
    "text": "Okay so further away I have to be."
  },
  {
    "start": 821.77,
    "end": 822.39,
    "text": "Yeah for sure"
  },
  {
    "start": 823.07,
    "end": 829.93,
    "text": "but even if i'm talking very loud there could be a construction going on next to me and my loud talking will not help anymore."
  },
  {
    "start": 830.83,
    "end": 832.25,
    "text": "So I need to find other ways too."
  },
  {
    "start": 832.33,
    "end": 839.87,
    "text": "For example, eliminate this background noise that we can still have a clear communication and all these kind of things To make the."
  },
  {
    "start": 840.15,
    "end": 847.93,
    "text": "The communication voice or tone in our case which is transmitted from me to you Needs to be as clear as possible."
  },
  {
    "start": 848.13,
    "end": 848.33,
    "text": "Why?"
  },
  {
    "start": 848.45,
    "end": 849.67,
    "text": "because the clear it?"
  },
  {
    "start": 849.77,
    "end": 852.09,
    "text": "Is the more information We can share."
  },
  {
    "start": 852.79,
    "end": 856.81,
    "text": "if there was always somebody who's interrupting us some Information will get lost."
  },
  {
    "start": 857.99,
    "end": 858.53,
    "text": "Tell you again."
  },
  {
    "start": 858.71,
    "end": 861.01,
    "text": "So I have to retransmit the information, okay?"
  },
  {
    "start": 861.75,
    "end": 874.21,
    "text": "Again until you get that information and there are a lot of things on which the signal quality depends on this quality You can make different applications right."
  },
  {
    "start": 874.29,
    "end": 878.99,
    "text": "so text message if it takes longer because It has to resend"
  },
  {
    "start": 879.87,
    "end": 880.07,
    "text": "doesn't"
  },
  {
    "start": 880.11,
    "end": 888.37,
    "text": "matter but the moment we want to have voice call We will feel that we will hear it very, very heavily like my voice is getting more robotic."
  },
  {
    "start": 888.45,
    "end": 890.57,
    "text": "For example or there was a cutoff."
  },
  {
    "start": 891.35,
    "end": 894.27,
    "text": "so That's why this is the key of any communication."
  },
  {
    "start": 894.69,
    "end": 902.47,
    "text": "and you mentioned that applies for mobile network operator who sending its The signal in a five G scenario up into space."
  },
  {
    "start": 902.93,
    "end": 904.73,
    "text": "but for satellite providers also right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 904.91,
    "end": 908.85,
    "text": "They what do they do want to do with a signal that we can help?"
  },
  {
    "start": 909.43,
    "end": 910.59,
    "text": "yeah basically What they."
  },
  {
    "start": 911.93,
    "end": 913.83,
    "text": "They don't create the signal itself or so."
  },
  {
    "start": 914.03,
    "end": 920.91,
    "text": "Satellite operator is just taking a signal which it's getting from ground and forwarding to phone in this case, Or at other direction."
  },
  {
    "start": 921.17,
    "end": 921.41,
    "text": "Exactly!"
  },
  {
    "start": 922.73,
    "end": 924.35,
    "text": "You can see that as a repeater correct?"
  },
  {
    "start": 924.85,
    "end": 935.15,
    "text": "And what we can do with this whole test chain Is for example make the signal to satellite worse."
  },
  {
    "start": 935.45,
    "end": 936.83,
    "text": "We could degrade the signal."
  },
  {
    "start": 939.35,
    "end": 943.19,
    "text": "is the link between the satellite and a phone dropping for example."
  },
  {
    "start": 943.45,
    "end": 952.51,
    "text": "And these thresholds are very important to play around, uh...for operators To see the robustness..to test the robustess of their network."
  },
  {
    "start": 952.59,
    "end": 953.03,
    "text": "in this case"
  },
  {
    "start": 957.57,
    "end": 962.69,
    "text": "I'm starting to seethe big benefit For let's say smartphone company."
  },
  {
    "start": 964.45,
    "end": 974.09,
    "text": "They basically have whole mobile communications networks In that development lab And they can control this network, which in reality."
  },
  {
    "start": 974.41,
    "end": 975.61,
    "text": "They would never be able to"
  },
  {
    "start": 975.89,
    "end": 976.69,
    "text": "absolutely correct."
  },
  {
    "start": 976.75,
    "end": 977.11,
    "text": "so yes"
  },
  {
    "start": 977.35,
    "end": 984.49,
    "text": "and now I'm starting to see what big of a task This is knowing all how the signals have to be created?"
  },
  {
    "start": 985.17,
    "end": 991.25,
    "text": "How do we tackle this?"
  },
  {
    "start": 992.15,
    "end": 998.33,
    "text": "So basically the devices Which In this case Is used for emulating NTA Network."
  },
  {
    "start": 998.75,
    "end": 1007.87,
    "text": "It Can Do Everything So it has all the technology integrated that you can do, for example a Leo orbit with very fast moving satellites."
  },
  {
    "start": 1008.31,
    "end": 1014.09,
    "text": "But we can also for example deploy a geo satellite network where delay is the issue."
  },
  {
    "start": 1015.03,
    "end": 1025.43,
    "text": "I'm hearing some of our audience who may never have been in touch with us and might not be familiar with this pretty little term off a box that covers everything."
  },
  {
    "start": 1026.23,
    "end": 1032.589,
    "text": "maybe i can give as bit over picture here like what does What does Schwarz contribute here specifically?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1033.169,
    "end": 1036.53,
    "text": "Our box is so-called, they have different applications."
  },
  {
    "start": 1036.929,
    "end": 1041.21,
    "text": "So in this case what it's normally used to call a network emulator."
  },
  {
    "start": 1041.81,
    "end": 1050.189,
    "text": "It emulates the network and we are talking about satellite networks or mobile networks or both."
  },
  {
    "start": 1050.23,
    "end": 1051.47,
    "text": "right you can also do both."
  },
  {
    "start": 1052.47,
    "end": 1062.649,
    "text": "And another part which is very interesting that basically I would say like real life testing, for example with satellite operators."
  },
  {
    "start": 1063.09,
    "end": 1063.689,
    "text": "So what we can do?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1063.81,
    "end": 1071.35,
    "text": "We can connect our network emulator on the gateway of a satellite operator in the real field and do testing."
  },
  {
    "start": 1071.77,
    "end": 1072.77,
    "text": "And why is that necessary?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1072.87,
    "end": 1078.649,
    "text": "well as Satellite Network Operator there are experts in satellite but they're no experts in mobile communication normally."
  },
  {
    "start": 1079.05,
    "end": 1083.21,
    "text": "so They don't have their equipment The infrastructure maybe also not knowledge."
  },
  {
    "start": 1083.57,
    "end": 1088.23,
    "text": "And we are bringing in our network emulator and can say, hey you have your satellite network."
  },
  {
    "start": 1088.31,
    "end": 1089.99,
    "text": "Your live real satellite network."
  },
  {
    "start": 1090.49,
    "end": 1092.57,
    "text": "We're just acting as the rest of it."
  },
  {
    "start": 1093.409,
    "end": 1099.429,
    "text": "Then they could verify whether their satellite network is basically supporting five GNTN."
  },
  {
    "start": 1100.409,
    "end": 1104.09,
    "text": "They need to make sure that this kind of constellation works right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1105.129,
    "end": 1109.85,
    "text": "And... ...they CAN do a try-and-error which wouldn't do THAT great!"
  },
  {
    "start": 1110.649,
    "end": 1113.75,
    "text": "And I guess it's also not allowed to do trying error here."
  },
  {
    "start": 1113.929,
    "end": 1116.37,
    "text": "Think about standardization bodies, authorities?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1116.95,
    "end": 1124.31,
    "text": "Yeah, i think if everyone could just create a radio signal things would go very wild and luckily this is not allowed."
  },
  {
    "start": 1125.55,
    "end": 1150.929,
    "text": "there are groups for us for mobile network communication, cellular communications but now the five gntn so-called three GPP Different, yeah you can say members are part of it from phone manufacturers chipset manufacturers satellite network operators mobile network operators and these groups Are defining how this communication works?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1151.85,
    "end": 1160.61,
    "text": "And This idea of that is that basically the whole world who Is specifying and defining these standards Of communication."
  },
  {
    "start": 1161.21,
    "end": 1163.77,
    "text": "It makes the things also interoperable."
  },
  {
    "start": 1164.169,
    "end": 1169.47,
    "text": "Orden-Schwarz as test and measurement in the field can shape this actively."
  },
  {
    "start": 1170.189,
    "end": 1171.79,
    "text": "Of course, we are part of this shaping."
  },
  {
    "start": 1171.889,
    "end": 1180.409,
    "text": "We have people sitting in these groups And This is a very important part of our work because The technology is developing Very fast!"
  },
  {
    "start": 1180.97,
    "end": 1182.889,
    "text": "You need to be fast To Be first."
  },
  {
    "start": 1183.669,
    "end": 1186.409,
    "text": "How Can you BE FIRST if you have information First?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1186.77,
    "end": 1195.129,
    "text": "Coming together talking about specifications could sound a bit like dry or, okay."
  },
  {
    "start": 1195.25,
    "end": 1198.75,
    "text": "We need to do this but actually it's driving the future technologies right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1198.79,
    "end": 1198.99,
    "text": "It"
  },
  {
    "start": 1199.03,
    "end": 1199.909,
    "text": "is very important."
  },
  {
    "start": 1199.99,
    "end": 1204.169,
    "text": "without that we would not be here where we are now."
  },
  {
    "start": 1204.689,
    "end": 1224.47,
    "text": "and when you consider how complex these communication already is nowadays with out-satellite A lot of communication flow happening between a phone in a base station Or a phone on your phone And satellite This level of complexity So extreme in addition that now it's even more important."
  },
  {
    "start": 1224.51,
    "end": 1232.689,
    "text": "That you're really very close to what is happening outside and we are talking about discussions of features which will come maybe in five, ten fifteen years in the future."
  },
  {
    "start": 1233.95,
    "end": 1240.87,
    "text": "I remember when we were talking shall We do a podcast episode on five gntn?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1241.03,
    "end": 1242.429,
    "text": "You said yes Let's do this."
  },
  {
    "start": 1242.77,
    "end": 1244.429,
    "text": "This Is such A hot Topic."
  },
  {
    "start": 1245.37,
    "end": 1248.75,
    "text": "What Excites you Personally so much About It?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1249.07,
    "end": 1250.57,
    "text": "I love the technology behind it."
  },
  {
    "start": 1251.35,
    "end": 1260.129,
    "text": "And here at Rodin Schwartz, we are in this forefront of these technologies so that we always need to be like first place right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1260.31,
    "end": 1270.409,
    "text": "This is key and having a pace for understanding and learning about these technologies is very fascinating no matter what kind of technology you're talking about."
  },
  {
    "start": 1270.889,
    "end": 1281.97,
    "text": "So i would say they use cases because We can cover use cases, we can look into use cases and we can extend use cases which we have never thought about."
  },
  {
    "start": 1282.629,
    "end": 1282.75,
    "text": "Yeah?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1283.03,
    "end": 1288.53,
    "text": "We talked about coverage in areas where there is no possibility to install an infrastructure."
  },
  {
    "start": 1289.01,
    "end": 1290.85,
    "text": "how... There's no way to do that!"
  },
  {
    "start": 1291.649,
    "end": 1294.75,
    "text": "So this a new case with the solution for the future."
  },
  {
    "start": 1295.47,
    "end": 1298.909,
    "text": "The interesting part will be who would do what And when."
  },
  {
    "start": 1299.55,
    "end": 1310.61,
    "text": "That makes it interesting and fascinating To stay on the market talk to customer, the industry and just understand where this whole thing is going."
  },
  {
    "start": 1311.649,
    "end": 1315.83,
    "text": "The moment we know roughly that it's there with a solution then customers can rely on"
  },
  {
    "start": 1315.909,
    "end": 1316.03,
    "text": "us.\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 1317.29,
    "end": 1317.59,
    "text": "Tim,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1320.149,
    "end": 1321.49,
    "text": "thank you very much for your time."
  },
  {
    "start": 1321.689,
    "end": 1324.75,
    "text": "It was a pleasure talking to you and we learned so-so much."
  },
  {
    "start": 1325.45,
    "end": 1331.389,
    "text": "I'm looking forward To what is coming because that really Is the thing?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1331.51,
    "end": 1335.23,
    "text": "We will have to deal with personally without devices in the future would say"
  },
  {
    "start": 1335.95,
    "end": 1337.05,
    "text": "yes tim thanks A lot"
  },
  {
    "start": 1337.389,
    "end": 1337.85,
    "text": "i learnt"
  },
  {
    "start": 1338.189,
    "end": 1342.45,
    "text": "a Lot And i am excited In seeing this becoming reality."
  },
  {
    "start": 1343.429,
    "end": 1347.27,
    "text": "and With That said we Say Thank you to all of our listeners."
  },
  {
    "start": 1347.889,
    "end": 1358.55,
    "text": "Make sure to check out the show notes for additional information on FiveG NTN and if you would like to meet Tim at The Mobile World Congress, feel"
  },
  {
    "start": 1361.47,
    "end": 1362.35,
    "text": "free!"
  }
]