[
  {
    "start": 1.76,
    "end": 7.44,
    "text": "And Bill always said that he also went to the Bauhaus to find clarity, and that is a process."
  },
  {
    "start": 7.76,
    "end": 10.68,
    "text": "You don't just have clarity, you have to earn it."
  },
  {
    "start": 14.72,
    "end": 20.74,
    "text": "I'm Angela Thomas, Max Bill was married twice, and I was his second and last wife in Voodoo."
  },
  {
    "start": 24.02,
    "end": 29.78,
    "text": "Since not much had been done to mark the 100th anniversary of Max Bill's birth"
  },
  {
    "start": 29.78,
    "end": 33.94,
    "text": "and because I felt he deserved more, I made this film."
  },
  {
    "start": 35.7,
    "end": 41.68,
    "text": "My name is Erich Schmid. I come from a journalism background."
  },
  {
    "start": 42.82,
    "end": 48.58,
    "text": "He eventually managed to find four former Bauhauslers to come to him to teach"
  },
  {
    "start": 48.58,
    "end": 55.8,
    "text": "classes and also he asks Walter Gropius for permission to use the name Bauhaus Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 56.14,
    "end": 61.82,
    "text": "My name is Martin Mäntele and I work as the head of the HfG Archive,"
  },
  {
    "start": 61.98,
    "end": 65.36,
    "text": "the archive of the former Ulm School of Design."
  },
  {
    "start": 65.86,
    "end": 70.72,
    "text": "My name is Anja Guttenberger and this is my podcast, bauhaus faces."
  },
  {
    "start": 70.8,
    "end": 84.56,
    "text": "Music."
  },
  {
    "start": 86.5,
    "end": 89.68,
    "text": "Welcome back to a new episode of bauhaus faces."
  },
  {
    "start": 90.12,
    "end": 95.04,
    "text": "First of all, thank you all so much for all of your warm, praising comments,"
  },
  {
    "start": 95.22,
    "end": 97.86,
    "text": "be it on Spotify, on YouTube or on Instagram."
  },
  {
    "start": 98.34,
    "end": 103.74,
    "text": "Your messages mean so much to me. They are the fuel that keep me going on and on."
  },
  {
    "start": 104.12,
    "end": 108.78,
    "text": "You have given me so much tailwind that I immediately sat down to write and"
  },
  {
    "start": 108.78,
    "end": 113.92,
    "text": "produce a new episode to provide you with new Bauhaus material even faster this time."
  },
  {
    "start": 114.24,
    "end": 119.7,
    "text": "Please keep on rating bauhaus faces with 5 stars on Spotify and Apple Podcasts"
  },
  {
    "start": 119.7,
    "end": 122.54,
    "text": "and keep recommending it to whoever might be interested."
  },
  {
    "start": 123.12,
    "end": 127.48,
    "text": "And if you want to send me comments on episodes or suggest Bauhauslers for new"
  },
  {
    "start": 127.48,
    "end": 132.48,
    "text": "episodes, send me a DM on Instagram, comment an episode or write an email to"
  },
  {
    "start": 132.48,
    "end": 134.74,
    "text": "bauhausfaces@gmail.com."
  },
  {
    "start": 135.44,
    "end": 140.34,
    "text": "For this brand new episode, I traveled to Zumikon to visit Angela Thomas and"
  },
  {
    "start": 140.34,
    "end": 141.7,
    "text": "Erich Schmid in their house."
  },
  {
    "start": 141.86,
    "end": 146.5,
    "text": "And this house is none other than what is known today as the Bill House."
  },
  {
    "start": 146.78,
    "end": 150.42,
    "text": "This house, which looks somehow unremarkable from the outside,"
  },
  {
    "start": 150.64,
    "end": 155.82,
    "text": "but is amazingly light, open and welcoming on the inside, was built by the Swiss"
  },
  {
    "start": 155.82,
    "end": 159.54,
    "text": "architect and designer Max Bill in 1967-68."
  },
  {
    "start": 160.18,
    "end": 164.52,
    "text": "His second wife and widow, Angela Thomas, lives there today with her husband,"
  },
  {
    "start": 164.86,
    "end": 169.86,
    "text": "the filmmaker Erich Schmid, who made a film about Bill entitled \"Max Bill – Das"
  },
  {
    "start": 169.86,
    "end": 175.44,
    "text": "absolute Augenmaß\", which could be translated to \"Max Bill – The Master's Vision\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 176.34,
    "end": 180.72,
    "text": "Max Bill established himself in art history as the architect and first director"
  },
  {
    "start": 180.72,
    "end": 185.86,
    "text": "of the Hochschule für Gestaltung in Ulm, also known as HfG Ulm or in English"
  },
  {
    "start": 185.86,
    "end": 187.42,
    "text": "the Ulm School of Design."
  },
  {
    "start": 187.78,
    "end": 192.28,
    "text": "And that is exactly the reason why I also interviewed the head of the HfG Ulm"
  },
  {
    "start": 192.28,
    "end": 198.16,
    "text": "archive, Martin Mäntele, regarding all questions around the official successor of the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 198.66,
    "end": 203.82,
    "text": "Because that is what Bill intended to do in Ulm, to continue the Bauhaus as"
  },
  {
    "start": 203.82,
    "end": 205.9,
    "text": "if it had never been closed in 1933."
  },
  {
    "start": 206.86,
    "end": 211.66,
    "text": "And he had Watergropes' blessing too, and the financial support by the Americans."
  },
  {
    "start": 212.02,
    "end": 216.66,
    "text": "As you see, there's so much we have to talk about. I conducted the interview"
  },
  {
    "start": 216.66,
    "end": 219.04,
    "text": "with Angela Thomas and Erie Schmid in German."
  },
  {
    "start": 219.3,
    "end": 220.86,
    "text": "For the English dubbing, I"
  },
  {
    "start": 220.86,
    "end": 224.78,
    "text": "asked, once again, Conrad Feininger to take the male part in this podcast."
  },
  {
    "start": 225.18,
    "end": 229.84,
    "text": "Thank you, Conrad, for once again lending us your wonderful voice and your precious time."
  },
  {
    "start": 230.42,
    "end": 236.48,
    "text": "Angela Thomas' part is dubbed by yours truly, me, Anja. It is all to your own"
  },
  {
    "start": 236.48,
    "end": 241.56,
    "text": "advantage, though, because once more, you will get two bonus episodes out of it."
  },
  {
    "start": 241.74,
    "end": 247.32,
    "text": "One is the original, much longer interview with Angela and Erich at Max Bill Haus in German."
  },
  {
    "start": 247.62,
    "end": 251.96,
    "text": "The other one is the conversation with Martin Mäntele about the HfG Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 252.12,
    "end": 257.02,
    "text": "In this episode that you will be now listening to, I only included those parts"
  },
  {
    "start": 257.02,
    "end": 259.3,
    "text": "about the HfG that concern Max Bill."
  },
  {
    "start": 259.64,
    "end": 263.0,
    "text": "You should definitely not miss listening to the whole interview,"
  },
  {
    "start": 263.14,
    "end": 266.04,
    "text": "though. that covers the whole history of the Bauhaus successor,"
  },
  {
    "start": 266.36,
    "end": 271.06,
    "text": "the parallels and differences, the architecture and the design icons."
  },
  {
    "start": 271.62,
    "end": 276.24,
    "text": "This interview is in English and although we had so many technical problems"
  },
  {
    "start": 276.24,
    "end": 279.92,
    "text": "recording it online, we bravely made it through the odds together."
  },
  {
    "start": 280.18,
    "end": 285.88,
    "text": "So watch out for those two bonus episodes which I will publish next week and"
  },
  {
    "start": 285.88,
    "end": 292.12,
    "text": "the week after that. Let's now dive into a new episode of bauhaus faces and"
  },
  {
    "start": 292.12,
    "end": 294.16,
    "text": "shine a light on Max Bill."
  },
  {
    "start": 299.19,
    "end": 302.83,
    "text": "So, before Max Bill was born and before his father got married,"
  },
  {
    "start": 303.07,
    "end": 307.01,
    "text": "his father lived in Switzerland in the mountains on the Jungfraujoch railway,"
  },
  {
    "start": 307.49,
    "end": 309.87,
    "text": "surrounded by beautiful nature and mountain air."
  },
  {
    "start": 310.51,
    "end": 316.09,
    "text": "When he got married, he moved to Winterthur and became deputy manager of Winterthur Central Station."
  },
  {
    "start": 316.83,
    "end": 321.57,
    "text": "Max Bill grew up right next to the station in a house owned by the railway company,"
  },
  {
    "start": 322.01,
    "end": 323.97,
    "text": "literally right next to the tracks."
  },
  {
    "start": 324.69,
    "end": 327.23,
    "text": "His parents' house has since been demolished."
  },
  {
    "start": 328.01,
    "end": 331.97,
    "text": "Max Bill's mother was the one who had more of an artistic flair at home."
  },
  {
    "start": 332.81,
    "end": 338.15,
    "text": "One of her brothers, Ernst Geiger, first studied at ETH Zurich and became a"
  },
  {
    "start": 338.15,
    "end": 342.53,
    "text": "forester, but after graduating he became a painter and had a great influence"
  },
  {
    "start": 342.53,
    "end": 345.47,
    "text": "on Bill as a child, giving him his first paintbox."
  },
  {
    "start": 346.53,
    "end": 350.83,
    "text": "Ernst Geiger exhibited in Switzerland alongside important, renowned artists"
  },
  {
    "start": 350.83,
    "end": 355.73,
    "text": "of the time, such as Giacometti, Sigantini and Kuno Amiet."
  },
  {
    "start": 356.45,
    "end": 358.29,
    "text": "So he was quite someone."
  },
  {
    "start": 359.07,
    "end": 362.51,
    "text": "He also supported Bill when he wanted to go to the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 362.87,
    "end": 367.17,
    "text": "His father was also interested in art and went to the Museum of Winterthur with Bill."
  },
  {
    "start": 367.59,
    "end": 371.41,
    "text": "But the artistic streak came more clearly from his mother's side."
  },
  {
    "start": 372.89,
    "end": 377.25,
    "text": "In Switzerland, there is not only the place of birth, but also the place of citizenship."
  },
  {
    "start": 377.77,
    "end": 382.71,
    "text": "This means, if you become impoverished, you are sent back to your place of citizenship"
  },
  {
    "start": 382.71,
    "end": 384.63,
    "text": "and they are then obliged to feed you."
  },
  {
    "start": 385.05,
    "end": 389.39,
    "text": "That has changed a bit today. But in terms of his place of citizenship,"
  },
  {
    "start": 389.77,
    "end": 394.55,
    "text": "Bill was a citizen of the canton of Bern, from the municipality of Moseedorf,"
  },
  {
    "start": 394.79,
    "end": 396.83,
    "text": "even though he was born in Winterthur."
  },
  {
    "start": 397.27,
    "end": 400.23,
    "text": "So, he had a fatherland and a motherland."
  },
  {
    "start": 400.75,
    "end": 404.73,
    "text": "His mother came from Brook in the canton of Argo. Because for the Swiss,"
  },
  {
    "start": 404.89,
    "end": 408.17,
    "text": "the cantons are very important, belonging to a canton."
  },
  {
    "start": 408.31,
    "end": 410.71,
    "text": "The cantons are very important. The belonging of the cantons."
  },
  {
    "start": 415.18,
    "end": 420.4,
    "text": "As a young man, Max Bill attended the School of Applied Arts in Zurich and began"
  },
  {
    "start": 420.4,
    "end": 422.82,
    "text": "an apprenticeship as a gold and silversmith,"
  },
  {
    "start": 423.04,
    "end": 426.98,
    "text": "which he did not complete because he was expelled from school for coming to"
  },
  {
    "start": 426.98,
    "end": 432.34,
    "text": "school one day without removing his makeup after carnival and for taking other liberties."
  },
  {
    "start": 433.24,
    "end": 437.72,
    "text": "However, he was very talented and his first functional objects,"
  },
  {
    "start": 437.8,
    "end": 444.1,
    "text": "today we would call them design objects, were exhibited as early as 1925 at"
  },
  {
    "start": 444.1,
    "end": 449.58,
    "text": "the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris."
  },
  {
    "start": 449.98,
    "end": 454.94,
    "text": "At that time and exhibition, Sophie Taeuber was on the jury, Sophie Taeuber-Arp,"
  },
  {
    "start": 455.0,
    "end": 457.42,
    "text": "who taught at the School of Applied Arts in Zurich."
  },
  {
    "start": 457.88,
    "end": 462.34,
    "text": "Bill knew her because he studied at that school, but he didn't take classes"
  },
  {
    "start": 462.34,
    "end": 465.06,
    "text": "with her directly because she taught the textile class."
  },
  {
    "start": 465.9,
    "end": 470.74,
    "text": "And so, not quite 17 years old, he went to Paris for the first time,"
  },
  {
    "start": 470.88,
    "end": 472.42,
    "text": "where his objects were exhibited."
  },
  {
    "start": 472.98,
    "end": 477.88,
    "text": "It was, of course, wonderful for a young person to receive that kind of recognition."
  },
  {
    "start": 478.8,
    "end": 482.86,
    "text": "And when he was in Paris, he saw Melnikov's pavilion, the Soviet pavilion,"
  },
  {
    "start": 483.14,
    "end": 486.14,
    "text": "which impressed him greatly, and Le Corbusier's."
  },
  {
    "start": 486.48,
    "end": 490.34,
    "text": "And then he decided that he actually wanted to become an architect,"
  },
  {
    "start": 490.34,
    "end": 492.8,
    "text": "because it had impressed him so much."
  },
  {
    "start": 493.8,
    "end": 498.84,
    "text": "While in Zurich he happened to find a book about the Bauhaus in a bookshop owned by Giersberger."
  },
  {
    "start": 499.28,
    "end": 502.92,
    "text": "He decided that he would go there to continue his education."
  },
  {
    "start": 503.42,
    "end": 506.86,
    "text": "So he didn't have a degree and he didn't have a high school diploma."
  },
  {
    "start": 507.24,
    "end": 512.02,
    "text": "He once said that if he had had a high school diploma, he would have liked to"
  },
  {
    "start": 512.02,
    "end": 517.4,
    "text": "study geology, because his uncle, who was a painter, also went on excursions"
  },
  {
    "start": 517.4,
    "end": 518.48,
    "text": "in the Swiss countryside."
  },
  {
    "start": 519.44,
    "end": 523.92,
    "text": "He hiked from his hometown of Brugg to Soglio, literally across the mountains,"
  },
  {
    "start": 524.18,
    "end": 527.2,
    "text": "and wrote his doctoral thesis on the Bergell region."
  },
  {
    "start": 527.8,
    "end": 532.28,
    "text": "So he had a strong connection to materials, and Bill did too."
  },
  {
    "start": 532.8,
    "end": 537.08,
    "text": "When Bill placed objects somewhere, they had a special aura."
  },
  {
    "start": 537.64,
    "end": 539.22,
    "text": "Not everyone has that ability."
  },
  {
    "start": 543.62,
    "end": 547.46,
    "text": "His mother divorced his father."
  },
  {
    "start": 548.1,
    "end": 553.14,
    "text": "That was also in April 1927, when he moved from Zurich to the Bauhaus in Dessau."
  },
  {
    "start": 557.02,
    "end": 562.34,
    "text": "So, you once said that Bill's parents were constantly arguing until they got"
  },
  {
    "start": 562.34,
    "end": 567.48,
    "text": "divorced, and that he wanted to get away from this arguing, as far away as possible."
  },
  {
    "start": 567.76,
    "end": 569.66,
    "text": "That certainly played a part."
  },
  {
    "start": 576.1,
    "end": 581.9,
    "text": "At the time, Bill had entered a competition for Suchard Chocolat, the chocolate company."
  },
  {
    "start": 582.52,
    "end": 587.02,
    "text": "The competition entries were submitted anonymously, and he won first prize."
  },
  {
    "start": 587.26,
    "end": 591.36,
    "text": "He then told me that the judges had probably assumed that the design had been"
  },
  {
    "start": 591.36,
    "end": 593.72,
    "text": "created by one of his teachers at the art school."
  },
  {
    "start": 594.16,
    "end": 597.78,
    "text": "So he was just incredibly lucky and got quite a lot of money,"
  },
  {
    "start": 597.78,
    "end": 601.74,
    "text": "and told his father that he would finance half of his Bauhaus studies himself"
  },
  {
    "start": 601.74,
    "end": 604.06,
    "text": "and his father would pay the other half."
  },
  {
    "start": 604.42,
    "end": 610.36,
    "text": "But afterwards, Bill ended up quite indebted to his father. The money was simply never enough."
  },
  {
    "start": 613.06,
    "end": 619.28,
    "text": "Let's stop here for a second and look at this competition entry from 1925 for Suchard Chocolat."
  },
  {
    "start": 619.68,
    "end": 623.56,
    "text": "What we have here is a promotional poster for the chocolate company."
  },
  {
    "start": 624.02,
    "end": 629.78,
    "text": "Let me shortly describe Max Bill's design. The black elegant Art Deco lettering"
  },
  {
    "start": 629.78,
    "end": 638.46,
    "text": "\"Suchard Chocolat 1826-1926\" is mounted on a golden background and framed by six strong red lines."
  },
  {
    "start": 639.22,
    "end": 643.72,
    "text": "The poster is divided into seven parts, of which only the top and bottom parts"
  },
  {
    "start": 643.72,
    "end": 646.02,
    "text": "are a little wider than the other five parts."
  },
  {
    "start": 646.38,
    "end": 650.8,
    "text": "In the second, fourth and sixth part, the lettering finds its place."
  },
  {
    "start": 651.72,
    "end": 654.9,
    "text": "In the four sections, above, between and below the lettering,"
  },
  {
    "start": 655.3,
    "end": 660.12,
    "text": "Bill inserted stylized branches of an undefined tree, maybe an olive tree."
  },
  {
    "start": 661.1,
    "end": 666.42,
    "text": "The poster design is so simple yet intriguing. It puts the chocolate factory"
  },
  {
    "start": 666.42,
    "end": 668.22,
    "text": "into a bright, elegant light."
  },
  {
    "start": 668.66,
    "end": 672.92,
    "text": "It is this competition entry that bestows Max Bill with a good amount of money,"
  },
  {
    "start": 673.1,
    "end": 676.48,
    "text": "which will provide the financial basis for his studies at the Bauhaus,"
  },
  {
    "start": 676.78,
    "end": 680.62,
    "text": "which Bill begins in Dessau in April 1927."
  },
  {
    "start": 684.28,
    "end": 689.0,
    "text": "And that was the same year that the left-wing Basel architect Hannes Meyer came"
  },
  {
    "start": 689.0,
    "end": 693.52,
    "text": "to the Bauhaus in Dessau and the actual architecture department officially started."
  },
  {
    "start": 694.36,
    "end": 699.14,
    "text": "Walter Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928. And Bill, like everyone else who came"
  },
  {
    "start": 699.14,
    "end": 703.66,
    "text": "to the Bauhaus, had to take the preliminary course first, even though he had"
  },
  {
    "start": 703.66,
    "end": 705.42,
    "text": "almost completed his apprenticeship."
  },
  {
    "start": 706.24,
    "end": 711.34,
    "text": "And that was with Josef Albers. And it was very important because Albers taught"
  },
  {
    "start": 711.34,
    "end": 715.52,
    "text": "the students this aesthetic and ethical principles and that you have to take"
  },
  {
    "start": 715.52,
    "end": 718.46,
    "text": "responsibility for the products you release into society."
  },
  {
    "start": 719.08,
    "end": 721.62,
    "text": "You have to be able to justify them."
  },
  {
    "start": 722.28,
    "end": 726.8,
    "text": "And Bill later tried to convey this to his students at the Ulm School of Design,"
  },
  {
    "start": 727.04,
    "end": 729.86,
    "text": "which he designed and where he was the first rector."
  },
  {
    "start": 731.1,
    "end": 735.96,
    "text": "His students then had to defend their design products to industry and assert"
  },
  {
    "start": 735.96,
    "end": 737.62,
    "text": "their position in the literal sense."
  },
  {
    "start": 738.63,
    "end": 743.53,
    "text": "After this basic course with Albers, Bill briefly joined Laszlo Moholy-Nagys'"
  },
  {
    "start": 743.81,
    "end": 747.83,
    "text": "metal workshop and was also invited to Lucia's and Laszlo's master's house."
  },
  {
    "start": 748.51,
    "end": 752.91,
    "text": "But he didn't stay there long, because he already knew how to do metal work"
  },
  {
    "start": 752.91,
    "end": 755.95,
    "text": "professionally. He already had the manual skills."
  },
  {
    "start": 757.03,
    "end": 761.23,
    "text": "He then went to both Paul Klee and Vasily Kandinsky's free painting classes"
  },
  {
    "start": 761.23,
    "end": 765.97,
    "text": "and he could speak Swiss German with clay, which the Germans naturally didn't understand."
  },
  {
    "start": 766.97,
    "end": 772.03,
    "text": "They had a kind of microcosm of their own language there. It was a special bond."
  },
  {
    "start": 773.17,
    "end": 777.69,
    "text": "Bill's style at the Bauhaus was also quite close to Klee's, but he quickly moved"
  },
  {
    "start": 777.69,
    "end": 779.71,
    "text": "away from it after leaving the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 780.23,
    "end": 786.33,
    "text": "For example, the \"Wellrelief\" (wave relief), we have hanging here from 1930-31."
  },
  {
    "start": 786.67,
    "end": 789.55,
    "text": "That's completely Bill, completely his own style."
  },
  {
    "start": 790.09,
    "end": 794.61,
    "text": "And apart from these free painting classes, he was also at the Bauhaus stage"
  },
  {
    "start": 794.61,
    "end": 801.31,
    "text": "with Oskar Schlemmer in 1928, and he said that was the workshop where he could, of course, be most free."
  },
  {
    "start": 806.47,
    "end": 817.31,
    "text": "I don't know of any major works Bill did at the Bauhaus, except for these drawings,"
  },
  {
    "start": 817.37,
    "end": 820.13,
    "text": "which are obviously inspired by Paul Klee."
  },
  {
    "start": 820.13,
    "end": 824.05,
    "text": "They are almost indistinguishable from Klee's drawings."
  },
  {
    "start": 825.07,
    "end": 829.27,
    "text": "But I find these Bauhaus drawings to be very biographical in nature."
  },
  {
    "start": 830.39,
    "end": 835.49,
    "text": "When he portrays Katt Both and Hilde Rantzsch smoking cigarettes together,"
  },
  {
    "start": 836.07,
    "end": 838.97,
    "text": "it says something about his relationship with these women."
  },
  {
    "start": 839.95,
    "end": 844.71,
    "text": "Hilde Rantzsch was also in Switzerland, working with Gunta Stölzl."
  },
  {
    "start": 845.63,
    "end": 849.07,
    "text": "Rantzsch was a fellow Bauhaus student of Max Bill."
  },
  {
    "start": 850.13,
    "end": 853.95,
    "text": "She then disappeared. Apparently, she returned to Germany."
  },
  {
    "start": 854.67,
    "end": 859.59,
    "text": "We did a little research. She lived here and moved many times,"
  },
  {
    "start": 859.61,
    "end": 863.79,
    "text": "which suggests that the immigration authorities did not leave her alone."
  },
  {
    "start": 864.79,
    "end": 870.07,
    "text": "We would really like to find out more about this. But let's get back to the works."
  },
  {
    "start": 870.61,
    "end": 876.41,
    "text": "For me, they are more biographical statements than, say, works that show Max"
  },
  {
    "start": 876.41,
    "end": 879.75,
    "text": "Bill's new beginning or what he then made of himself."
  },
  {
    "start": 887.5,
    "end": 892.5,
    "text": "I find the \"Little King of Winers\" funny because he's also self-deprecating."
  },
  {
    "start": 892.82,
    "end": 896.96,
    "text": "And Bill was not a sentimental person. And the fact that, as I said,"
  },
  {
    "start": 897.24,
    "end": 900.78,
    "text": "he drew the two girlfriends together, cut board and held a ranch."
  },
  {
    "start": 901.1,
    "end": 905.12,
    "text": "He told me that during his time at the Bauhaus he was in love with four women."
  },
  {
    "start": 905.52,
    "end": 910.5,
    "text": "And the fact that he gave clear painting of a hermaphrodite for his 60th birthday"
  },
  {
    "start": 910.5,
    "end": 915.76,
    "text": "also shows me the certain freedom that people had at the Bauhaus because I can't"
  },
  {
    "start": 915.76,
    "end": 919.48,
    "text": "imagine him giving his father, who was more of a carrot and stick type,"
  },
  {
    "start": 919.88,
    "end": 921.72,
    "text": "a Herm Aphrodite for his birthday."
  },
  {
    "start": 922.18,
    "end": 927.8,
    "text": "And I often ask myself what would have happened. I mean, who among us had such"
  },
  {
    "start": 927.8,
    "end": 932.42,
    "text": "great masters as teachers as they did at the Bauhaus? No one else did."
  },
  {
    "start": 932.82,
    "end": 936.98,
    "text": "And if Bill hadn't had them, he once said to me, and quite credibly,"
  },
  {
    "start": 937.16,
    "end": 941.62,
    "text": "he could have just easily have become a gangster. But he had a good education."
  },
  {
    "start": 948.18,
    "end": 950.18,
    "text": "Bill wasn't accepted into the"
  },
  {
    "start": 950.18,
    "end": 953.46,
    "text": "architecture department because he hadn't completed the battle workshop."
  },
  {
    "start": 953.74,
    "end": 957.44,
    "text": "Because you first had to complete a basic apprenticeship and only then could"
  },
  {
    "start": 957.44,
    "end": 959.72,
    "text": "you be accepted into the architecture department."
  },
  {
    "start": 960.0,
    "end": 964.26,
    "text": "But he somehow managed to attend Mart Stam courses on building statics."
  },
  {
    "start": 964.88,
    "end": 969.3,
    "text": "Mart Stam was a Dutch left-wing architect who taught at the Bauhaus and whom"
  },
  {
    "start": 969.3,
    "end": 973.02,
    "text": "Gropius had even considered as his successor. But Stam declined."
  },
  {
    "start": 974.24,
    "end": 978.9,
    "text": "Bill had a connection to him, and Stam even visited him in Switzerland after World War II."
  },
  {
    "start": 979.86,
    "end": 983.7,
    "text": "Katt Both was one of his fellow students, and she studied in the architecture"
  },
  {
    "start": 983.7,
    "end": 987.74,
    "text": "department, and Bill definitely knew Lotte Beese even back then,"
  },
  {
    "start": 987.9,
    "end": 990.46,
    "text": "who was also studying architecture at the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 990.96,
    "end": 994.78,
    "text": "I once took a photo of the two of them in later years, when they met at the"
  },
  {
    "start": 994.78,
    "end": 998.18,
    "text": "Bauhaus archive, where they greeted each other so warmly."
  },
  {
    "start": 998.76,
    "end": 1002.82,
    "text": "People always talk about the Bauhaus family in general, but of course,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1002.96,
    "end": 1005.08,
    "text": "there were different emotional relationships."
  },
  {
    "start": 1005.4,
    "end": 1011.04,
    "text": "And I would say that the relationship between Bill and Stam and Beese was a very strong one."
  },
  {
    "start": 1012.12,
    "end": 1016.24,
    "text": "I also know that Bill, although he wasn't involved in architecture,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1016.72,
    "end": 1020.44,
    "text": "nevertheless took part in architecture competitions, including one in Osaka,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1020.6,
    "end": 1024.32,
    "text": "Japan, where he was the only Western architect to submit an entry."
  },
  {
    "start": 1024.74,
    "end": 1028.4,
    "text": "And then there was another project in collaboration with Hans Fischli,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1029.11,
    "end": 1034.99,
    "text": "At that time, with Osaka, the house he designed was a multi-story house with a roof terrace."
  },
  {
    "start": 1035.87,
    "end": 1040.97,
    "text": "He had this Japanese fellow student, Takehiko Mizutani, who received Japanese"
  },
  {
    "start": 1040.97,
    "end": 1045.87,
    "text": "architecture magazines himself and who then put the captions in Japanese for him."
  },
  {
    "start": 1046.57,
    "end": 1050.31,
    "text": "And he also made sculptures that were very close to what Bill did later."
  },
  {
    "start": 1054.77,
    "end": 1060.27,
    "text": "If you are a regular listener of bauhaus faces, you maybe remember that we have"
  },
  {
    "start": 1060.27,
    "end": 1065.67,
    "text": "mentioned Takiko Mizutani in the podcast episode about Michiko and Iwao Yamawaki too."
  },
  {
    "start": 1066.27,
    "end": 1070.19,
    "text": "There's nearly nothing left of Mizutani's work, who, like Max Bill,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1070.39,
    "end": 1073.47,
    "text": "started studying at the Bauhaus in April 1927."
  },
  {
    "start": 1073.89,
    "end": 1077.73,
    "text": "He was a qualified architect already when he came to the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 1078.57,
    "end": 1082.35,
    "text": "Max Bill's connection to several Bauhauslers who were part of the building workshop,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1082.53,
    "end": 1086.69,
    "text": "they've all studied first with Hannes Meyer, and when he became director of"
  },
  {
    "start": 1086.69,
    "end": 1089.15,
    "text": "the Bauhaus in April of 1928,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1089.51,
    "end": 1093.65,
    "text": "the Swiss architect Hans Witwer, who had very successfully worked together with"
  },
  {
    "start": 1093.65,
    "end": 1096.23,
    "text": "Meyer back in their hometown of Basel, took over."
  },
  {
    "start": 1096.77,
    "end": 1101.51,
    "text": "Through them, Max Bill must have developed some kind of knowledge and skill about architecture."
  },
  {
    "start": 1101.97,
    "end": 1106.13,
    "text": "Otherwise, he wouldn't have been able to design a multi-story building and even"
  },
  {
    "start": 1106.13,
    "end": 1107.61,
    "text": "be recognized for his entry."
  },
  {
    "start": 1108.41,
    "end": 1112.91,
    "text": "Mizutani left the Bauhaus nearly one year after Max Bill in September 1929."
  },
  {
    "start": 1113.31,
    "end": 1117.59,
    "text": "His brass sheet sculpture from the preliminary course with Josef Albers,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1117.79,
    "end": 1122.89,
    "text": "that Angela just talked about, is today part of the collection of the Bauhaus Archive in Berlin."
  },
  {
    "start": 1123.37,
    "end": 1127.77,
    "text": "The sculpture is one of the most beautiful objects that are left from the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 1128.11,
    "end": 1130.83,
    "text": "I must admit it is one of my all-time favorites."
  },
  {
    "start": 1131.37,
    "end": 1133.23,
    "text": "Mizutani's sculpture is constructed"
  },
  {
    "start": 1133.23,
    "end": 1137.29,
    "text": "of three thin, bent brass sheets interconnected with each other."
  },
  {
    "start": 1137.73,
    "end": 1143.13,
    "text": "The effect is an elegant dynamic in all directions, culminating in a shell-like curvature."
  },
  {
    "start": 1143.73,
    "end": 1148.35,
    "text": "It is so beautiful. I will link a short video about the sculpture and a beautiful"
  },
  {
    "start": 1148.35,
    "end": 1152.07,
    "text": "photo of it in the show notes for you, so you can see for yourselves."
  },
  {
    "start": 1152.67,
    "end": 1157.23,
    "text": "Angela also mentioned that the sculpture by Takehiko Mizutani sort of foreshadows"
  },
  {
    "start": 1157.23,
    "end": 1158.85,
    "text": "Max Bill's own later work."
  },
  {
    "start": 1159.27,
    "end": 1162.55,
    "text": "Of course, I won't just leave you guys hanging with that statement."
  },
  {
    "start": 1163.19,
    "end": 1167.43,
    "text": "This needs at least a short explanation, but you will need to wait for some"
  },
  {
    "start": 1167.43,
    "end": 1169.99,
    "text": "more time until we get to Max Bill's Concrete Art."
  },
  {
    "start": 1170.25,
    "end": 1174.31,
    "text": "I can tell you for now, though, that Bill will become one of the most important"
  },
  {
    "start": 1174.31,
    "end": 1178.99,
    "text": "representatives of the Zurich concrete artists and that he will create numerous"
  },
  {
    "start": 1178.99,
    "end": 1184.99,
    "text": "beautiful sculptures during his life which are so reminiscent of Takehiko Mizutani's sculpture."
  },
  {
    "start": 1185.73,
    "end": 1190.77,
    "text": "Perhaps this is why, at the end of his life, Bill was awarded the Premium Imperiale"
  },
  {
    "start": 1190.77,
    "end": 1194.11,
    "text": "for Sculpture by the Emperor of Japan himself."
  },
  {
    "start": 1194.63,
    "end": 1198.89,
    "text": "Let us now go back to Angela and Erich to hear how things further developed"
  },
  {
    "start": 1198.89,
    "end": 1200.25,
    "text": "for Max Bill at the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 1204.99,
    "end": 1207.03,
    "text": "Since he officially left the"
  },
  {
    "start": 1207.03,
    "end": 1212.33,
    "text": "Bauhaus in November of 1928 for financial reasons, due to a lack of money,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1212.97,
    "end": 1217.55,
    "text": "Bill was doing one exercise on the Bauhaus stage when a fellow student who was"
  },
  {
    "start": 1217.55,
    "end": 1221.65,
    "text": "on a trapeze punched him in the face, knocking out several of his teeth."
  },
  {
    "start": 1222.27,
    "end": 1226.91,
    "text": "The accident at the Bauhaus stage had caused such high dental costs that Bill"
  },
  {
    "start": 1226.91,
    "end": 1228.59,
    "text": "ended up in debt to his father."
  },
  {
    "start": 1229.15,
    "end": 1231.97,
    "text": "So from here, he also left without a diploma."
  },
  {
    "start": 1232.75,
    "end": 1236.13,
    "text": "Therefore, in a way, you could say that Bill was self-taught,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1236.25,
    "end": 1239.95,
    "text": "even though he had excellent teachers, excellent masters."
  },
  {
    "start": 1247.31,
    "end": 1251.79,
    "text": "So Hannes Meyer then formed a Bauhaus brigade that went to the Soviet Union."
  },
  {
    "start": 1252.09,
    "end": 1256.81,
    "text": "And Max Bill wanted to go with the other one, the one with Mart Stam and Ernst"
  },
  {
    "start": 1256.81,
    "end": 1258.29,
    "text": "May, the Frankfurt City architect."
  },
  {
    "start": 1258.59,
    "end": 1264.45,
    "text": "He applied as an advertising technician in 1930, and this is also related to"
  },
  {
    "start": 1264.45,
    "end": 1268.71,
    "text": "the fact that when Bill came to the Bauhaus in April of 1927,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1268.95,
    "end": 1273.77,
    "text": "the Russian painter Kazimir Malevich was also visiting the Bauhaus and would"
  },
  {
    "start": 1273.77,
    "end": 1276.27,
    "text": "have liked to teach there, but he didn't speak German."
  },
  {
    "start": 1276.99,
    "end": 1281.41,
    "text": "And Bill always told me that there was a library, but you had to go through"
  },
  {
    "start": 1281.41,
    "end": 1284.99,
    "text": "Gropius' office to get there. So it was like a barrier."
  },
  {
    "start": 1285.49,
    "end": 1290.21,
    "text": "But in the canteen, there were newspapers with Russian and Polish writing and pictures."
  },
  {
    "start": 1290.53,
    "end": 1294.79,
    "text": "He couldn't read them, but he saw the pictures, which were black and white at the time."
  },
  {
    "start": 1295.33,
    "end": 1300.09,
    "text": "And he realized from these pictures that they were further ahead in the USSR"
  },
  {
    "start": 1300.09,
    "end": 1301.91,
    "text": "than they were at the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 1302.29,
    "end": 1304.29,
    "text": "And that's why he wanted to go there."
  },
  {
    "start": 1305.15,
    "end": 1309.91,
    "text": "And of course, after the 1917 revolution, what was happening there was a great"
  },
  {
    "start": 1309.91,
    "end": 1311.79,
    "text": "fascination for young people anyway."
  },
  {
    "start": 1312.37,
    "end": 1316.53,
    "text": "And as I said, he applied to the brigade in the summer of 1930,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1317.13,
    "end": 1319.69,
    "text": "and Stam replied that the brigade was already full."
  },
  {
    "start": 1320.43,
    "end": 1324.59,
    "text": "Hans Schmidt was also there, with whom Bill later became friends and was well"
  },
  {
    "start": 1324.59,
    "end": 1327.51,
    "text": "acquainted, and with whom he also worked to some extent."
  },
  {
    "start": 1328.23,
    "end": 1332.25,
    "text": "Hans Schmidt's wife then did in the Soviet Union what Bill would have liked"
  },
  {
    "start": 1332.25,
    "end": 1335.91,
    "text": "to do, but was rejected. Those were the attachments."
  },
  {
    "start": 1336.33,
    "end": 1339.37,
    "text": "And as a young person, seeing through the different structures,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1339.75,
    "end": 1344.07,
    "text": "the whole range of what is available, and then also learning for yourself,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1344.25,
    "end": 1347.13,
    "text": "is very time-consuming and very difficult."
  },
  {
    "start": 1347.65,
    "end": 1354.01,
    "text": "And Bill always said that he also went to the Bauhaus to gain clarity. And that is a process."
  },
  {
    "start": 1354.31,
    "end": 1356.27,
    "text": "You don't simply have clarity."
  },
  {
    "start": 1356.93,
    "end": 1360.37,
    "text": "You have to work for it. So, there are different layers."
  },
  {
    "start": 1360.69,
    "end": 1365.75,
    "text": "There were also different ideologies at the Bauhaus. It took some time until you got through them."
  },
  {
    "start": 1365.85,
    "end": 1370.15,
    "text": "There are different ideologies in the house and until you get through it."
  },
  {
    "start": 1375.18,
    "end": 1380.68,
    "text": "The Bauhaus cannot be regarded in isolation from its time, because there was"
  },
  {
    "start": 1380.68,
    "end": 1385.86,
    "text": "National Socialism, which was on the rise and also found its way into the Bauhaus,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1385.94,
    "end": 1388.68,
    "text": "and there were certainly internal struggles."
  },
  {
    "start": 1389.08,
    "end": 1393.32,
    "text": "And Hannes Meyer was, of course, a communist, one might say."
  },
  {
    "start": 1393.42,
    "end": 1398.34,
    "text": "Well, perhaps not yet at the Bauhaus, but certainly a dedicated leftist,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1398.48,
    "end": 1404.5,
    "text": "and they really wanted to experience the dawn of a new era and the workers'"
  },
  {
    "start": 1404.74,
    "end": 1406.52,
    "text": "paradise in the Soviet Union."
  },
  {
    "start": 1406.68,
    "end": 1410.2,
    "text": "And there was also no work for architects in Germany."
  },
  {
    "start": 1410.68,
    "end": 1415.42,
    "text": "That was another factor, of course, and it must have been very polarized."
  },
  {
    "start": 1423.14,
    "end": 1429.68,
    "text": "In 1929, what Bill did there is a black hole or a white hole. no one knows for sure."
  },
  {
    "start": 1429.9,
    "end": 1435.8,
    "text": "And I also assumed that he was still at the Bauhaus from time to time without paying tuition fees."
  },
  {
    "start": 1436.1,
    "end": 1441.12,
    "text": "And he was definitely in Berlin in 1929 because he placed advertisements in"
  },
  {
    "start": 1441.12,
    "end": 1447.46,
    "text": "an anarchist newspaper saying that he was looking for work, \"only very modern architecture\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 1447.98,
    "end": 1452.74,
    "text": "He did one for Dessau and one for Zurich, which means he would have gone where"
  },
  {
    "start": 1452.74,
    "end": 1454.56,
    "text": "he could have worked, I would conclude."
  },
  {
    "start": 1459.7,
    "end": 1465.48,
    "text": "This year, 1929, it is the year that followed Max Bill's departure from the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 1465.76,
    "end": 1470.02,
    "text": "And I wouldn't be me if I hadn't asked myself if Bill could have been involved"
  },
  {
    "start": 1470.02,
    "end": 1474.16,
    "text": "or at least familiar with the Bauhaus building project of the Trade Union School in Bernau."
  },
  {
    "start": 1474.48,
    "end": 1477.48,
    "text": "You know my affiliation to Bernau by now, I guess."
  },
  {
    "start": 1477.98,
    "end": 1483.44,
    "text": "Angela told me that Bill was not only in Berlin in 1929, but that he was also"
  },
  {
    "start": 1483.44,
    "end": 1484.98,
    "text": "good friends with Arieh Sharon."
  },
  {
    "start": 1485.66,
    "end": 1491.28,
    "text": "And Sharon, you might know from my bauhaus faces episode about him with his grandson Ariel Aloni,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1491.54,
    "end": 1495.4,
    "text": "was the site manager of the teachers' houses that were part of the Bernau"
  },
  {
    "start": 1495.4,
    "end": 1499.52,
    "text": "School and head of the architecture office by Hannes Meyer in Berlin that was"
  },
  {
    "start": 1499.52,
    "end": 1502.72,
    "text": "set up for the sole purpose of building the Trade Union School."
  },
  {
    "start": 1503.62,
    "end": 1507.86,
    "text": "Sharon became head of the office after Hans Witwer left the Bauhaus and with"
  },
  {
    "start": 1507.86,
    "end": 1510.3,
    "text": "it the Bernau project in early 1929."
  },
  {
    "start": 1510.92,
    "end": 1515.36,
    "text": "So, there's a chance that Bill was well informed about this particular project."
  },
  {
    "start": 1516.24,
    "end": 1520.88,
    "text": "Also, the whole competition that was won by the Bauhaus was published in the"
  },
  {
    "start": 1520.88,
    "end": 1524.88,
    "text": "Bauhaus magazine when Max Bildt was still at the Bauhaus in 1928."
  },
  {
    "start": 1525.1,
    "end": 1530.54,
    "text": "And I'm pretty sure that it was presented as a prime example of modern architecture at the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 1530.86,
    "end": 1535.34,
    "text": "Plus, the students of the building department, some of whom Bill befriended,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1535.86,
    "end": 1539.46,
    "text": "worked day and night with Hans Wittwer to finish the competition papers,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1539.46,
    "end": 1542.82,
    "text": "as we know from one of Hans Witwer's letters to his fiancée."
  },
  {
    "start": 1543.39,
    "end": 1547.93,
    "text": "You might rightly ask why Anja must always bring up the Trade Union School in"
  },
  {
    "start": 1547.93,
    "end": 1550.59,
    "text": "nearly every podcast episode of bauhaus faces."
  },
  {
    "start": 1550.91,
    "end": 1554.25,
    "text": "Bear with me, because this has an important reason."
  },
  {
    "start": 1555.11,
    "end": 1559.93,
    "text": "Max Bill will later, in the early 1950s, design a whole new building for the"
  },
  {
    "start": 1559.93,
    "end": 1564.35,
    "text": "HfG Ulm that became the official successor of the Bauhaus after World War II."
  },
  {
    "start": 1564.71,
    "end": 1570.03,
    "text": "And that building, believe it or not, just looks so much like the Trade Union School in Bernau."
  },
  {
    "start": 1570.71,
    "end": 1574.57,
    "text": "There are many parallels, like the concrete binders which hold the whole building"
  },
  {
    "start": 1574.57,
    "end": 1578.61,
    "text": "skeleton and determine the whole harmonic rhythm of the architecture,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1578.91,
    "end": 1583.19,
    "text": "different building parts of the various necessities and a passageway that combines"
  },
  {
    "start": 1583.19,
    "end": 1588.83,
    "text": "them all, albeit there was no money left in Ulm to construct a glass shell rounded like in Bernau."
  },
  {
    "start": 1589.47,
    "end": 1593.91,
    "text": "If you are interested in this topic, you should definitely listen to my conversation"
  },
  {
    "start": 1593.91,
    "end": 1597.13,
    "text": "with Martin Mäntele in the bonus episode about the HfG Ulm,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1597.29,
    "end": 1599.69,
    "text": "in which we discussed this in more detail."
  },
  {
    "start": 1600.67,
    "end": 1605.93,
    "text": "Later in 1929, Max Bill returned to Switzerland, installing in Zurich."
  },
  {
    "start": 1606.23,
    "end": 1609.95,
    "text": "Here, he fell in love with Maria Benz, a French actress."
  },
  {
    "start": 1610.27,
    "end": 1616.17,
    "text": "They met at Café Odeon, and Max Bill baptized her Nusch, according to Paul Hindemith's"
  },
  {
    "start": 1616.17,
    "end": 1619.25,
    "text": "opera \"Das Nusch-Nuschi\" (the Nusch-Nuschi\","
  },
  {
    "start": 1619.55,
    "end": 1624.87,
    "text": "subtitled \"A Play for Bumese Marionettes in One Act\" from 1921."
  },
  {
    "start": 1625.79,
    "end": 1629.83,
    "text": "I guess it was Maria Benz's profession that inspired the nickname."
  },
  {
    "start": 1630.31,
    "end": 1635.83,
    "text": "In our interview, Angela told me some more about the relationship between Bill and Nusch."
  },
  {
    "start": 1639.59,
    "end": 1644.59,
    "text": "That I even know about Maria Benz, whom Max Bill nicknamed Nusch,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1644.81,
    "end": 1647.73,
    "text": "that's only because Max Bill told me himself."
  },
  {
    "start": 1648.03,
    "end": 1651.15,
    "text": "Because she was really very important in his life."
  },
  {
    "start": 1651.91,
    "end": 1656.11,
    "text": "She was his first great love before he met his first wife, Binia."
  },
  {
    "start": 1656.71,
    "end": 1660.93,
    "text": "He actually wanted to marry Nusch because she was a foreigner in Switzerland."
  },
  {
    "start": 1661.45,
    "end": 1665.93,
    "text": "She came from Mühlhaus in France and worked here in Zurich as a model for the"
  },
  {
    "start": 1665.93,
    "end": 1670.47,
    "text": "Greta Fashion House, modeling clothes, but she didn't have a work permit."
  },
  {
    "start": 1671.46,
    "end": 1675.94,
    "text": "She kept getting summonses from the immigration police and would have been expelled."
  },
  {
    "start": 1676.24,
    "end": 1680.36,
    "text": "To prevent that, and because Bill was fascinated by her anyway,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1680.76,
    "end": 1681.82,
    "text": "they wanted to get married."
  },
  {
    "start": 1682.44,
    "end": 1687.9,
    "text": "They lived together in a concubinage on Stadelhoferstraße, which was also forbidden."
  },
  {
    "start": 1689.1,
    "end": 1694.3,
    "text": "So they posted their notice of marriage, announcing that they were planning to get married."
  },
  {
    "start": 1694.82,
    "end": 1698.88,
    "text": "Bill then wrote a letter to his father, saying that they had known each other"
  },
  {
    "start": 1698.88,
    "end": 1702.3,
    "text": "for about six months and that she had also worked for him."
  },
  {
    "start": 1702.5,
    "end": 1707.54,
    "text": "He had had a few typography and design jobs for Western Switzerland and didn't"
  },
  {
    "start": 1707.54,
    "end": 1710.48,
    "text": "speak French very well himself, so she helped him."
  },
  {
    "start": 1711.32,
    "end": 1715.98,
    "text": "And then his father wrote back to him, saying that this soubrette was out of the question."
  },
  {
    "start": 1716.4,
    "end": 1720.76,
    "text": "Where his father got this idea from? Someone must have told him that this woman"
  },
  {
    "start": 1720.76,
    "end": 1722.5,
    "text": "had a bad reputation or something."
  },
  {
    "start": 1723.22,
    "end": 1727.96,
    "text": "But because Bill was so deeply in debt at that time, He didn't have the chance"
  },
  {
    "start": 1727.96,
    "end": 1730.32,
    "text": "to stand up to his father and do it anyway."
  },
  {
    "start": 1731.38,
    "end": 1734.68,
    "text": "I know he met Nusch again at the Aubette in Strasbourg."
  },
  {
    "start": 1735.04,
    "end": 1738.48,
    "text": "He had his first collector at the time, Wassmer was his name,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1738.6,
    "end": 1741.84,
    "text": "and he had some cash, which he was able to give to Nusch."
  },
  {
    "start": 1742.46,
    "end": 1747.72,
    "text": "And Nusch then went to Paris, and we know that she happened to meet René Char"
  },
  {
    "start": 1747.72,
    "end": 1749.68,
    "text": "and Paul Éluard on the pavement."
  },
  {
    "start": 1750.18,
    "end": 1754.32,
    "text": "She then became the companion of Iloach, who had just been left by Gala,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1754.5,
    "end": 1758.6,
    "text": "his wife, who was with Salvador Dalí and then stayed with Dalí."
  },
  {
    "start": 1759.44,
    "end": 1764.84,
    "text": "Nusch kept the nickname Bill had given her, and Éluard and Nusch also came back"
  },
  {
    "start": 1764.84,
    "end": 1769.48,
    "text": "to Switzerland later, shortly before her death, and Bill saw her again there."
  },
  {
    "start": 1770.62,
    "end": 1775.94,
    "text": "Und Éluard und Nusch kamen auch spät, noch kurz vor ihrem Tod, auch nochmal in die"
  },
  {
    "start": 1775.94,
    "end": 1778.72,
    "text": "Schweiz und da hat Bill sie auch nochmal wiedergesehen."
  },
  {
    "start": 1780.38,
    "end": 1783.6,
    "text": "Nach dem Bauhaus war auch Paris das Zentrum ..."
  },
  {
    "start": 1783.63,
    "end": 1789.0,
    "text": "After the Bauhaus, Paris was also the center that gave him the most and why"
  },
  {
    "start": 1789.0,
    "end": 1794.04,
    "text": "he also gave a great deal because there was this international group of artists"
  },
  {
    "start": 1794.04,
    "end": 1796.06,
    "text": "called Abstraction, Creation,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1796.44,
    "end": 1801.48,
    "text": "Art non figurative which he joined as a young man on the recommendation of Sophie"
  },
  {
    "start": 1801.48,
    "end": 1803.0,
    "text": "Taeuber-Arp and Hans Arp."
  },
  {
    "start": 1803.72,
    "end": 1807.5,
    "text": "He was 25 years old at the time. That was in 1933."
  },
  {
    "start": 1807.94,
    "end": 1813.38,
    "text": "And he went to Piet Mondrian's studio. He also met Georges Vantongerloo there,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1813.58,
    "end": 1816.46,
    "text": "who became his lifelong friend, a little later."
  },
  {
    "start": 1817.22,
    "end": 1821.32,
    "text": "This group really included the most important artists of the time,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1821.78,
    "end": 1825.8,
    "text": "Sonia Delauney with her husband, Barbara Hepworth with her husband."
  },
  {
    "start": 1825.8,
    "end": 1829.5,
    "text": "And I'll turn it around because otherwise the husbands are always mentioned"
  },
  {
    "start": 1829.5,
    "end": 1830.68,
    "text": "first and then the wives."
  },
  {
    "start": 1831.18,
    "end": 1837.74,
    "text": "Or the wonderful sculptor Katarzyna Kobro from Poland and her husband Streminski, the painter."
  },
  {
    "start": 1838.2,
    "end": 1844.22,
    "text": "And this group also included Bill's former Bauhausmasters Kandinsky, Albers and Moholy-Nagy."
  },
  {
    "start": 1844.48,
    "end": 1847.92,
    "text": "And the former student was accepted there as an equal."
  },
  {
    "start": 1851.85,
    "end": 1861.11,
    "text": "Jeanne Bucher was a gallery owner in Paris and also very important during the resistance."
  },
  {
    "start": 1861.65,
    "end": 1865.51,
    "text": "Her gallery was essentially the mailbox for resistance messages."
  },
  {
    "start": 1866.23,
    "end": 1871.25,
    "text": "And Bill went there with his stack of watercolors, which still had this clay influence."
  },
  {
    "start": 1871.61,
    "end": 1875.69,
    "text": "He went to Jeanne Bucher and thought he could exhibit right away."
  },
  {
    "start": 1875.79,
    "end": 1879.13,
    "text": "And she said, you're a young, talented man."
  },
  {
    "start": 1879.29,
    "end": 1882.91,
    "text": "Come back in a year with your own work. We all love Paul Klee."
  },
  {
    "start": 1883.49,
    "end": 1887.51,
    "text": "So she gave him a kick in the butt, the right advice at the right time,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1887.53,
    "end": 1890.97,
    "text": "and I'm sure he was completely horrified and frustrated at first."
  },
  {
    "start": 1891.21,
    "end": 1896.91,
    "text": "But he took it to heart, recognized what it meant, and then very quickly developed his own style."
  },
  {
    "start": 1901.51,
    "end": 1906.87,
    "text": "The group \"Abstraction–Création\" that was founded in 1931 in Paris by the Belgian"
  },
  {
    "start": 1906.87,
    "end": 1911.81,
    "text": "painter, sculptor and architect Georges Vantongerloo who would become one of"
  },
  {
    "start": 1911.81,
    "end": 1915.53,
    "text": "Bill's lifelong friends, was a unison of modern artists."
  },
  {
    "start": 1916.21,
    "end": 1921.59,
    "text": "Their aim was to found a forum for abstract art. They organized joint exhibitions,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1921.95,
    "end": 1923.89,
    "text": "lectures, discussions and publications."
  },
  {
    "start": 1925.25,
    "end": 1930.75,
    "text": "Between 1932, when Bill joined the group, and 1937, when the group dissolved,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1931.11,
    "end": 1936.37,
    "text": "they published five numbers of the almanac \"Abstraction–Création, Art Non-Figuratif\","
  },
  {
    "start": 1936.37,
    "end": 1940.51,
    "text": "in which they did a great deal of theoretical and methodological groundwork"
  },
  {
    "start": 1940.51,
    "end": 1942.19,
    "text": "for non-representational art."
  },
  {
    "start": 1942.73,
    "end": 1948.05,
    "text": "The publicly effective work of \"Abstraction–Création\" contributed significantly"
  },
  {
    "start": 1948.05,
    "end": 1951.29,
    "text": "to increasing the social recognition of abstract art."
  },
  {
    "start": 1952.13,
    "end": 1955.49,
    "text": "It would be the basis for Max Bill's development of his own art,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1955.73,
    "end": 1960.99,
    "text": "what he called Concrete Art, a term close to the name of an art group around"
  },
  {
    "start": 1960.99,
    "end": 1965.27,
    "text": "Theo van Doesburg called \"Art Concret\" from 1930."
  },
  {
    "start": 1966.23,
    "end": 1970.99,
    "text": "Bill defined his own art as Concrete Art for the first time in an exhibition"
  },
  {
    "start": 1970.99,
    "end": 1975.25,
    "text": "catalogue of the Kunsthaus Zurich in 1936 with the following words:"
  },
  {
    "start": 1975.9,
    "end": 1980.91,
    "text": "\"We refer to those works of art as Concrete Art that have been created using"
  },
  {
    "start": 1980.91,
    "end": 1986.13,
    "text": "their own inherent means and principles, without external reference to natural"
  },
  {
    "start": 1986.13,
    "end": 1990.61,
    "text": "phenomena or their transformation, which means not through abstraction."
  },
  {
    "start": 1991.41,
    "end": 1993.95,
    "text": "Concrete Art is independent in its uniqueness."
  },
  {
    "start": 1994.85,
    "end": 1998.97,
    "text": "It is the expression of the human spirit, intended for the human spirit,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1999.11,
    "end": 2003.67,
    "text": "and it should be characterized by the sharpness, clarity and perfection that"
  },
  {
    "start": 2003.67,
    "end": 2006.23,
    "text": "must be expected of works of the human spirit.\""
  },
  {
    "start": 2007.3,
    "end": 2011.0,
    "text": "Max Bill became one of the leading figures of Concrete Art in Zurich and was"
  },
  {
    "start": 2011.0,
    "end": 2013.42,
    "text": "highly successful with the sculptures and paintings."
  },
  {
    "start": 2014.02,
    "end": 2019.18,
    "text": "Those are the sculptures that remind me of Takehiko Mizutani's Foucault piece from the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 2019.88,
    "end": 2024.24,
    "text": "One of the most impressive examples of Bill's Concrete Art is the sculpture"
  },
  {
    "start": 2024.24,
    "end": 2026.22,
    "text": "\"Kontinuität\" (Continuity)."
  },
  {
    "start": 2026.92,
    "end": 2031.5,
    "text": "It all started when Bill was asked to design a form for an industrial exhibition"
  },
  {
    "start": 2031.5,
    "end": 2034.98,
    "text": "in London, which should be placed in front of an electric fireplace."
  },
  {
    "start": 2035.74,
    "end": 2040.42,
    "text": "The sculpture was not completed on time and was then presented at the Triennale"
  },
  {
    "start": 2040.42,
    "end": 2044.86,
    "text": "di Milano in 1936, where it was hung as a loop over a column."
  },
  {
    "start": 2045.68,
    "end": 2051.54,
    "text": "It is essentially a Möbius loop, a mathematical object with only one side and one edge."
  },
  {
    "start": 2052.26,
    "end": 2056.76,
    "text": "Bill created the sculpture more than once. One that was installed in Zurich"
  },
  {
    "start": 2056.76,
    "end": 2059.72,
    "text": "was destroyed by a group of right-wing extremists."
  },
  {
    "start": 2060.2,
    "end": 2064.9,
    "text": "Today, there is still a huge sculpture in Frankfurt am Main, made of granite."
  },
  {
    "start": 2064.98,
    "end": 2069.76,
    "text": "The story of the production of this continuity sculpture is adventurous."
  },
  {
    "start": 2070.58,
    "end": 2074.64,
    "text": "Erich Schmid tells it in his film about Bill with original video footage."
  },
  {
    "start": 2075.42,
    "end": 2080.18,
    "text": "I asked Erich to further explain for us what Concrete Art is."
  },
  {
    "start": 2088.82,
    "end": 2095.3,
    "text": "In Concrete Art, I would say that not everything that is art is immediately visible."
  },
  {
    "start": 2095.78,
    "end": 2098.9,
    "text": "So, it may not be so easily accessible."
  },
  {
    "start": 2099.94,
    "end": 2103.96,
    "text": "Concrete Art is simply beautiful to most people who view it,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2103.96,
    "end": 2106.48,
    "text": "because it works with colors and shapes."
  },
  {
    "start": 2106.92,
    "end": 2114.36,
    "text": "It is not figurative. It does not depict anything that we can recognize from our everyday lives."
  },
  {
    "start": 2115.16,
    "end": 2120.84,
    "text": "So, it is not a representation of nature, but rather a representation of an idea."
  },
  {
    "start": 2121.74,
    "end": 2127.46,
    "text": "It is, so you could say, a pictorial or three-dimensional representation of"
  },
  {
    "start": 2127.46,
    "end": 2134.28,
    "text": "a philosophy, perhaps, or at least of an idea that is then translated into an"
  },
  {
    "start": 2134.28,
    "end": 2135.66,
    "text": "external representation."
  },
  {
    "start": 2137.02,
    "end": 2142.14,
    "text": "I walked past this picture hanging in the living room for about a year and simply"
  },
  {
    "start": 2142.14,
    "end": 2145.42,
    "text": "thought it was beautiful, but I didn't give it much thought."
  },
  {
    "start": 2145.74,
    "end": 2151.94,
    "text": "And at some point, I just wanted to get to the bottom of Max Bill's inner spiritual trade secret."
  },
  {
    "start": 2152.52,
    "end": 2158.0,
    "text": "And I suddenly saw in this picture that these colored lines are all diagonals,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2158.84,
    "end": 2162.96,
    "text": "diagonals of rectangles that you can't see, that are invisible."
  },
  {
    "start": 2163.5,
    "end": 2168.08,
    "text": "And in the middle, there are two diagonals that intersect at right angles."
  },
  {
    "start": 2168.56,
    "end": 2170.24,
    "text": "That can only be a square."
  },
  {
    "start": 2170.8,
    "end": 2174.18,
    "text": "So, I had to look for this square, and I found it."
  },
  {
    "start": 2174.32,
    "end": 2176.76,
    "text": "And it hangs diagonally in this"
  },
  {
    "start": 2176.76,
    "end": 2180.92,
    "text": "picture at the same angle as the whole picture in the square on the tip."
  },
  {
    "start": 2182.0,
    "end": 2188.06,
    "text": "And one sideline of this inner square, which you can't see, is one meter long."
  },
  {
    "start": 2188.06,
    "end": 2194.18,
    "text": "And the whole picture, which is also a square on the tip, has a side length of two meters."
  },
  {
    "start": 2195.02,
    "end": 2198.38,
    "text": "Then you can also imagine axes running through this picture."
  },
  {
    "start": 2198.98,
    "end": 2204.58,
    "text": "Perhaps in other words, Concrete Art is not immediately recognizable and requires"
  },
  {
    "start": 2204.58,
    "end": 2206.42,
    "text": "the viewer to engage with it."
  },
  {
    "start": 2206.59,
    "end": 2213.64,
    "text": "... sie erfordert den Betrachter und die Betrachterin sich damit auseinanderzusetzen."
  },
  {
    "start": 2219.86,
    "end": 2220.52,
    "text": "Also man muss sich einmal vorstellen, dass die Schweiz ..."
  },
  {
    "start": 2219.87,
    "end": 2224.88,
    "text": "So you have to imagine that Switzerland was surrounded from 1940 onwards."
  },
  {
    "start": 2225.86,
    "end": 2228.92,
    "text": "And before that, society was simply very polarized."
  },
  {
    "start": 2230.06,
    "end": 2234.2,
    "text": "Hitler had come to power, and I would say that the majority of Swiss people"
  },
  {
    "start": 2234.2,
    "end": 2235.98,
    "text": "didn't really care about politics."
  },
  {
    "start": 2236.46,
    "end": 2241.58,
    "text": "They didn't go to the polls. Even today, when there are referendums,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2241.78,
    "end": 2246.74,
    "text": "only 40 to 50 percent of the population participates in the democratic process."
  },
  {
    "start": 2248.11,
    "end": 2253.21,
    "text": "But I would say that those who were politically minded were very polarized and"
  },
  {
    "start": 2253.21,
    "end": 2255.79,
    "text": "were either anti-fascists or pro-Nazi."
  },
  {
    "start": 2256.21,
    "end": 2260.59,
    "text": "And there were affinities with National Socialism even in bourgeois circles."
  },
  {
    "start": 2261.45,
    "end": 2267.87,
    "text": "For example, in 1933, two bourgeois parties, the Liberals and the Farmers and"
  },
  {
    "start": 2267.87,
    "end": 2272.13,
    "text": "Citizens Party, today's Swiss People's Party, SVP,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2272.61,
    "end": 2276.59,
    "text": "formed an electoral alliance with the National Socialist Parties,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2276.59,
    "end": 2280.23,
    "text": "which also existed in Switzerland, against the left."
  },
  {
    "start": 2280.99,
    "end": 2285.43,
    "text": "That was the situation, and Bill, of course, always thought politically."
  },
  {
    "start": 2285.53,
    "end": 2290.71,
    "text": "And in that sense, you could only be either left or right if you thought politically."
  },
  {
    "start": 2291.35,
    "end": 2295.65,
    "text": "Bill was definitely on the left, and Bill later became a politician."
  },
  {
    "start": 2296.29,
    "end": 2301.97,
    "text": "Bill designed books that were then smuggled into Germany, camouflaged so that"
  },
  {
    "start": 2301.97,
    "end": 2306.39,
    "text": "no one would recognize that they were about concentration camps, and so on."
  },
  {
    "start": 2307.43,
    "end": 2312.59,
    "text": "On the one hand, he also hid refugees and was punished for it because it was"
  },
  {
    "start": 2312.59,
    "end": 2315.63,
    "text": "forbidden to accommodate people without registering them."
  },
  {
    "start": 2316.17,
    "end": 2319.75,
    "text": "On the other hand, he resisted through his designs."
  },
  {
    "start": 2320.21,
    "end": 2325.07,
    "text": "For example, he made posters for the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War"
  },
  {
    "start": 2325.07,
    "end": 2327.17,
    "text": "to raise funds for winter help."
  },
  {
    "start": 2327.79,
    "end": 2332.75,
    "text": "He did the typography and designed the letterhead and so on for the most important"
  },
  {
    "start": 2332.75,
    "end": 2336.47,
    "text": "anti-fascist newspaper in Switzerland called Die Nation."
  },
  {
    "start": 2337.63,
    "end": 2343.51,
    "text": "He was active in this context. Incidentally, I made my first feature film about"
  },
  {
    "start": 2343.51,
    "end": 2348.61,
    "text": "the editor-in-chief of Die Nation at the time, which is how I know this story."
  },
  {
    "start": 2349.23,
    "end": 2354.49,
    "text": "When I made the film, I didn't know that Bill had designed this newspaper until"
  },
  {
    "start": 2354.49,
    "end": 2359.57,
    "text": "I met Angela Thomas shortly after the film was finished, and she showed me the"
  },
  {
    "start": 2359.57,
    "end": 2361.97,
    "text": "maquette with Max Bill's signature on it."
  },
  {
    "start": 2363.07,
    "end": 2367.87,
    "text": "It was a nice discovery. And of course, I immediately became a little more interested"
  },
  {
    "start": 2367.87,
    "end": 2372.55,
    "text": "in Bill than I had been before, because he didn't talk about his involvement"
  },
  {
    "start": 2372.55,
    "end": 2376.47,
    "text": "in the Second World War and his anti-fascist activism,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2377.19,
    "end": 2379.19,
    "text": "nor did he make a big deal out of it."
  },
  {
    "start": 2389.58,
    "end": 2393.04,
    "text": "Bill designed the letterhead and business cards for Gunta Stölzl,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2393.12,
    "end": 2395.02,
    "text": "who later married a Swiss man."
  },
  {
    "start": 2395.46,
    "end": 2400.22,
    "text": "And he exhibited her work at the Triennale in 1936 in Milan,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2400.42,
    "end": 2407.42,
    "text": "Italy, that is, in fascist Italy, in the Swiss pavilion, but under the business acronym SPH."
  },
  {
    "start": 2407.54,
    "end": 2410.86,
    "text": "So it didn't explicitly say Sharon or Stölzl."
  },
  {
    "start": 2411.12,
    "end": 2413.54,
    "text": "Gunta was married to Arieh Sharon at the time."
  },
  {
    "start": 2414.1,
    "end": 2418.38,
    "text": "Bill did that, and he also exhibited books by Ignazio Silone,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2418.5,
    "end": 2422.88,
    "text": "for which Bill had done a typography, even though Silone was on the blacklist"
  },
  {
    "start": 2422.88,
    "end": 2425.98,
    "text": "in Italy, as he was a clear opponent of Mussolini."
  },
  {
    "start": 2426.34,
    "end": 2432.14,
    "text": "And Mussolini actually was at this 1936 triennale himself, and he wanted to"
  },
  {
    "start": 2432.14,
    "end": 2433.46,
    "text": "go into the Swiss pavilion."
  },
  {
    "start": 2433.8,
    "end": 2438.14,
    "text": "He was so fat that he squeezed in through the back door, Bill said,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2438.28,
    "end": 2441.22,
    "text": "and the Nazi pavilion was right next door."
  },
  {
    "start": 2446.1,
    "end": 2450.28,
    "text": "At the end of World War II, Max Bill was appointed to the Zurich School of Applied"
  },
  {
    "start": 2450.28,
    "end": 2454.62,
    "text": "Arts, his first teaching position, and he only stayed for a couple of months."
  },
  {
    "start": 2454.27,
    "end": 2454.63,
    "text": "Der, der ihn an die Kunstgewerbeschule in Zürich berufen hat, war der Johannes Itten ..."
  },
  {
    "start": 2460.58,
    "end": 2465.36,
    "text": "The person who invited him to the Zurich School of Applied Arts was Johannes"
  },
  {
    "start": 2465.36,
    "end": 2469.68,
    "text": "Itten, who had previously been at the Bauhaus in Weimar and was known for belonging"
  },
  {
    "start": 2469.68,
    "end": 2471.18,
    "text": "to the Mazdaznan sect."
  },
  {
    "start": 2472.0,
    "end": 2476.14,
    "text": "Bill felt that Itten needed to be kept under close political scrutiny."
  },
  {
    "start": 2476.88,
    "end": 2478.38,
    "text": "He was not a fan of his at all."
  },
  {
    "start": 2479.52,
    "end": 2484.48,
    "text": "Bill's course was very popular, until the other lecturers became jealous because"
  },
  {
    "start": 2484.48,
    "end": 2487.0,
    "text": "people liked going to Bill so much."
  },
  {
    "start": 2487.5,
    "end": 2492.26,
    "text": "One of his students, whom he continued to employ as his private assistant when"
  },
  {
    "start": 2492.26,
    "end": 2497.24,
    "text": "he stopped teaching, was Ernst Scheidegger, who went on to become a Magnum photographer,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2497.66,
    "end": 2502.48,
    "text": "filmmaker, gallery owner and, for time, lecturer at the Ulm School of Design."
  },
  {
    "start": 2503.44,
    "end": 2507.44,
    "text": "And we know from Scheidegger that Itten wanted to belittle Bill a bit."
  },
  {
    "start": 2507.6,
    "end": 2511.02,
    "text": "What had he ever done? Just a little typewriter."
  },
  {
    "start": 2511.42,
    "end": 2516.22,
    "text": "So he actually spoke contemptuously about him, even though Bill already had"
  },
  {
    "start": 2516.22,
    "end": 2520.4,
    "text": "quite a few achievements to his name in what we call Archi Letterin,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2520.6,
    "end": 2521.7,
    "text": "the lettering of buildings."
  },
  {
    "start": 2522.32,
    "end": 2524.14,
    "text": "When Bill came to Zurich, the"
  },
  {
    "start": 2524.14,
    "end": 2527.94,
    "text": "architects of new building there didn't let him work on their projects."
  },
  {
    "start": 2528.1,
    "end": 2533.04,
    "text": "They had been trained at ETH, so they considered themselves socially superior"
  },
  {
    "start": 2533.04,
    "end": 2537.04,
    "text": "to this young guy who came from the Bauhaus with lots of ideas."
  },
  {
    "start": 2537.26,
    "end": 2541.98,
    "text": "And at first they only let him do graphic work, like the poster for the Neubühl"
  },
  {
    "start": 2541.98,
    "end": 2543.6,
    "text": "Cooperative housing estate,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2543.92,
    "end": 2547.5,
    "text": "the lettering on the Zett-House and the lettering on the Corso building,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2547.5,
    "end": 2552.38,
    "text": "which still looks wonderful like in the metropolis when you see the red neon"
  },
  {
    "start": 2552.38,
    "end": 2554.66,
    "text": "lettering on the Corso building in the evening."
  },
  {
    "start": 2555.66,
    "end": 2560.18,
    "text": "And Bill really had to prove himself, really fight for his place here in society."
  },
  {
    "start": 2560.62,
    "end": 2565.0,
    "text": "And he didn't stay at the art school for long, because after the liberation"
  },
  {
    "start": 2565.0,
    "end": 2569.38,
    "text": "of Paris, he really wanted to go straight to France to his friend Georges Vantongerloo."
  },
  {
    "start": 2570.14,
    "end": 2575.04,
    "text": "And he had a distant cousin there, Naira France, who worked for Charles de Gaulle"
  },
  {
    "start": 2575.04,
    "end": 2576.54,
    "text": "for Free France from London."
  },
  {
    "start": 2577.04,
    "end": 2581.68,
    "text": "She was able to get him a visa right away, which was still required for Swiss"
  },
  {
    "start": 2581.68,
    "end": 2586.4,
    "text": "citizens at the time. and then he went to Paris as quickly as possible."
  },
  {
    "start": 2587.48,
    "end": 2592.12,
    "text": "Max Bill had two options, by the way. For a while, it was not at all certain"
  },
  {
    "start": 2592.12,
    "end": 2597.1,
    "text": "whether Ulm could be built, whether the Americans would really provide the funds that were needed."
  },
  {
    "start": 2597.68,
    "end": 2602.02,
    "text": "If that hadn't worked out, he could have worked for the Marshall Plan in Paris,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2602.02,
    "end": 2604.2,
    "text": "designing exhibitions and so on."
  },
  {
    "start": 2604.66,
    "end": 2610.24,
    "text": "And when it became clear that Ulm would be built, he delegated the job in Paris to Scheidegger."
  },
  {
    "start": 2619.6,
    "end": 2625.48,
    "text": "And then, of course, we come back to the famous saying that Ulm is actually"
  },
  {
    "start": 2625.48,
    "end": 2630.48,
    "text": "the reason why Max Bill was an architect at this university in the first place,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2630.48,
    "end": 2633.24,
    "text": "and why he then became its rector."
  },
  {
    "start": 2634.04,
    "end": 2639.88,
    "text": "His lectures at the end of the 1940s, which dealt with beauty arising from function"
  },
  {
    "start": 2639.88,
    "end": 2642.5,
    "text": "and as function, and both together,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2642.94,
    "end": 2650.32,
    "text": "that beauty also has a function and, of course, \"The good form\" played a role in Bill's recognition."
  },
  {
    "start": 2651.56,
    "end": 2654.62,
    "text": "He prevailed against resistance, for example,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2654.84,
    "end": 2661.06,
    "text": "from the Swiss Werkbund, with his exhibition \"Die Gute Form\" (The good form),"
  },
  {
    "start": 2661.06,
    "end": 2667.1,
    "text": "which then toured everywhere, and that certainly opened doors for him in West Germany."
  },
  {
    "start": 2671.94,
    "end": 2676.42,
    "text": "We are already in the middle of a new phase. It is the chapter of the HfG Ulm,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2676.6,
    "end": 2677.76,
    "text": "the Ulm School of Design."
  },
  {
    "start": 2678.34,
    "end": 2682.66,
    "text": "And this is where I'm bringing in Martin Mäntele, head of the HfG Ulm Archive"
  },
  {
    "start": 2682.66,
    "end": 2685.04,
    "text": "and expert on the whole story around the school."
  },
  {
    "start": 2685.36,
    "end": 2688.76,
    "text": "I will just shortly summarize the background that led to the Hochschule für"
  },
  {
    "start": 2688.76,
    "end": 2692.16,
    "text": "Gestaltung to contextualize what Martin Mäntele would talk about."
  },
  {
    "start": 2692.68,
    "end": 2697.9,
    "text": "In Paris, Bill worked for the Marshall Plan, an economic recovery program to"
  },
  {
    "start": 2697.9,
    "end": 2702.52,
    "text": "aid Western Europe to rebuild war-torn regions enacted in 1948."
  },
  {
    "start": 2703.24,
    "end": 2707.88,
    "text": "For that, Bill traveled to Germany and got in touch with the newly founded Ulm"
  },
  {
    "start": 2707.88,
    "end": 2712.78,
    "text": "Volkshochschule, an adult education center in the city of Ulm that was initiated"
  },
  {
    "start": 2712.78,
    "end": 2715.18,
    "text": "by Inge Scholl and Otl Aicher in 1946."
  },
  {
    "start": 2716.1,
    "end": 2720.18,
    "text": "Inge Scholl was the sister of Sophie and Hans Scholl, who had both been part"
  },
  {
    "start": 2720.18,
    "end": 2726.32,
    "text": "of the Nazi resistance group Weiße Rose and were murdered by the Nazis in 1943"
  },
  {
    "start": 2726.32,
    "end": 2730.36,
    "text": "after they had distributed political leaflets in the University of Munich."
  },
  {
    "start": 2731.06,
    "end": 2734.92,
    "text": "Scholl and Aicher therefore wanted to install a school in memory of her siblings."
  },
  {
    "start": 2735.28,
    "end": 2741.28,
    "text": "It should educate Germans so that the horrors of the Nazi regime would never ever happen again."
  },
  {
    "start": 2742.0,
    "end": 2746.16,
    "text": "Max Bill reported back favorably to the Americans about the school,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2746.38,
    "end": 2749.66,
    "text": "but his vision of the Ulm School was a very different one."
  },
  {
    "start": 2750.06,
    "end": 2753.54,
    "text": "He suggested to develop it into the successor of the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 2753.74,
    "end": 2758.96,
    "text": "For this purpose, the Volkshochschule Ulm had to become a Hochschule and therefore"
  },
  {
    "start": 2758.96,
    "end": 2764.42,
    "text": "switching from educational center without the ability to grant degrees to university"
  },
  {
    "start": 2764.42,
    "end": 2767.24,
    "text": "with the possibility to graduate with a diploma."
  },
  {
    "start": 2768.24,
    "end": 2772.56,
    "text": "Bill passed this suggestion on to the Americans. To cut a long story short,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2772.72,
    "end": 2775.74,
    "text": "because the Americans agreed to fund the school with one million,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2776.0,
    "end": 2778.98,
    "text": "they were in the position to decide which turn it would take."
  },
  {
    "start": 2779.24,
    "end": 2781.52,
    "text": "So, they agreed on Bill's proposal."
  },
  {
    "start": 2783.0,
    "end": 2788.78,
    "text": "In 1949, Max Bill organized the exhibition \"Die Gute Form\" (Good Form),"
  },
  {
    "start": 2789.26,
    "end": 2794.16,
    "text": "thereby actively supporting the revitalization of modernism in Germany after 1945."
  },
  {
    "start": 2794.8,
    "end": 2799.3,
    "text": "This way, he had already proved to be suitable to become director of the then-formed"
  },
  {
    "start": 2799.3,
    "end": 2805.18,
    "text": "Hochschule für Gestaltung, HfG, the Ulm School of Design, and to design a completely"
  },
  {
    "start": 2805.18,
    "end": 2806.8,
    "text": "new building for the school too."
  },
  {
    "start": 2807.34,
    "end": 2811.86,
    "text": "The building was supposed to be situated on a hill where a concentration camp"
  },
  {
    "start": 2811.86,
    "end": 2813.56,
    "text": "had been during the Nazi era."
  },
  {
    "start": 2814.5,
    "end": 2819.06,
    "text": "Bill instead decided to put the different building units on the slopey sides"
  },
  {
    "start": 2819.06,
    "end": 2825.08,
    "text": "of the hill, thereby omitting to overbuild a place where horrible things happened to so many people."
  },
  {
    "start": 2825.64,
    "end": 2829.34,
    "text": "To me, this seems to have been an act of respect for the victims."
  },
  {
    "start": 2829.96,
    "end": 2834.48,
    "text": "Well, this is the short version of it all. If you want to know all the details,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2834.7,
    "end": 2839.26,
    "text": "you should listen to the bonus episode with Martin Mäntele that will come out in the next two weeks."
  },
  {
    "start": 2839.86,
    "end": 2844.0,
    "text": "Let's get now to Martin Mäntele, who will talk about what was still Bauhaus"
  },
  {
    "start": 2844.0,
    "end": 2846.1,
    "text": "in the HfG and what was not."
  },
  {
    "start": 2848.03,
    "end": 2852.99,
    "text": "After the founding of the Bundesrepublik, there was a lot of money,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2853.27,
    "end": 2858.43,
    "text": "which was part of the Marshall Plan, and there was a special re-education fund"
  },
  {
    "start": 2858.43,
    "end": 2860.27,
    "text": "with about 50 million marks."
  },
  {
    "start": 2860.27,
    "end": 2864.57,
    "text": "And the most important person in this complex on the American side is John J."
  },
  {
    "start": 2864.67,
    "end": 2867.43,
    "text": "McCloy. He was the High Commissioner for Germany at the time."
  },
  {
    "start": 2867.63,
    "end": 2874.21,
    "text": "And he found a silent agreement with Ingersoll saying that the American government"
  },
  {
    "start": 2874.21,
    "end": 2879.33,
    "text": "would give one million mark in order to build the building if the German side"
  },
  {
    "start": 2879.33,
    "end": 2881.53,
    "text": "would also give as much money."
  },
  {
    "start": 2882.29,
    "end": 2886.07,
    "text": "And so it was the big task for Inge Scholl to collect this money,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2886.13,
    "end": 2888.35,
    "text": "which came from private and public sources."
  },
  {
    "start": 2888.47,
    "end": 2893.65,
    "text": "But it was really a very, very difficult task because a million mark at the"
  },
  {
    "start": 2893.65,
    "end": 2896.69,
    "text": "time was a lot of money, of course."
  },
  {
    "start": 2897.47,
    "end": 2900.57,
    "text": "And so eventually they had everything together."
  },
  {
    "start": 2900.79,
    "end": 2906.41,
    "text": "So in 1952, there was a big celebration where the check was handed over in the City Hall of Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 2906.41,
    "end": 2914.19,
    "text": "Already in 1953, they started the first course, and Bill could finalize the"
  },
  {
    "start": 2914.19,
    "end": 2915.93,
    "text": "planning, and they could start building."
  },
  {
    "start": 2920.11,
    "end": 2924.03,
    "text": "Classes for the School of Design began in the rooms of the Volkshochschule in"
  },
  {
    "start": 2924.03,
    "end": 2928.03,
    "text": "Ulm, because the building complex itself was not yet finished."
  },
  {
    "start": 2928.43,
    "end": 2930.11,
    "text": "The students actively helped."
  },
  {
    "start": 2930.79,
    "end": 2935.53,
    "text": "Those from the architecture department were also involved in the construction management and so on."
  },
  {
    "start": 2935.53,
    "end": 2941.01,
    "text": "And what you feel in Ulm, and also here in this building from 1967-68,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2941.31,
    "end": 2946.23,
    "text": "is that, based on what he had learned for himself in Ulm, he simply said that"
  },
  {
    "start": 2946.23,
    "end": 2950.39,
    "text": "he built it on volume, and that it is organized in a self-sufficient way,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2950.61,
    "end": 2955.59,
    "text": "like a village that functions within itself, and you simply have a very good sense of space."
  },
  {
    "start": 2956.05,
    "end": 2960.51,
    "text": "And as another architect once says about the theater that Bill built in Lausanne,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2960.73,
    "end": 2963.09,
    "text": "the architecture doesn't disturb."
  },
  {
    "start": 2963.95,
    "end": 2968.23,
    "text": "Bill certainly paid attention to aesthetics, but he didn't make the grand gesture"
  },
  {
    "start": 2968.23,
    "end": 2971.83,
    "text": "of proving himself as an architect, as other architects did."
  },
  {
    "start": 2978.23,
    "end": 2983.13,
    "text": "Well, the building was taxed to cost 2 millions by Max Bill,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2983.29,
    "end": 2985.13,
    "text": "and they had collected that money."
  },
  {
    "start": 2985.41,
    "end": 2992.01,
    "text": "And when he finalized the plans in December '52, he really had to sort of let"
  },
  {
    "start": 2992.01,
    "end": 2993.85,
    "text": "down his trousers, we say in Germany."
  },
  {
    "start": 2994.25,
    "end": 3000.13,
    "text": "He had to write a letter. In a letter to Inge Scholl, he had to confess, well, to make it short."
  },
  {
    "start": 3000.29,
    "end": 3006.77,
    "text": "He says, we are missing the third million. That's what he wrote one week before Christmas in 1953."
  },
  {
    "start": 3006.77,
    "end": 3013.07,
    "text": "And I found it always astonishing that Inge Scholl is answering on December"
  },
  {
    "start": 3013.07,
    "end": 3018.09,
    "text": "24th, which of course is a very Heiligabend, is sort of sacred in Germany."
  },
  {
    "start": 3018.29,
    "end": 3023.01,
    "text": "And she writes a very long letter and she really can't hide her exasperation"
  },
  {
    "start": 3023.01,
    "end": 3028.11,
    "text": "and her feelings of deception and said, well, we trusted in you."
  },
  {
    "start": 3028.21,
    "end": 3032.37,
    "text": "How could this happen? And she immediately suggests that they would have to"
  },
  {
    "start": 3032.37,
    "end": 3038.07,
    "text": "look into possibilities, what could be done, what could be built at the school itself."
  },
  {
    "start": 3038.55,
    "end": 3043.29,
    "text": "So, for example, this is one reason why the old stool was designed eventually,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3043.29,
    "end": 3045.87,
    "text": "because they simply didn't have money to buy chairs."
  },
  {
    "start": 3046.31,
    "end": 3053.13,
    "text": "And I'm telling you this only because Bill had to save money wherever he could."
  },
  {
    "start": 3053.13,
    "end": 3059.23,
    "text": "The topological situation is slightly hilly, so we have sort of a soft rolling hill,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3059.35,
    "end": 3067.17,
    "text": "and he's using this hill to organize the different three main parts of the building"
  },
  {
    "start": 3067.17,
    "end": 3069.47,
    "text": "on three different levels."
  },
  {
    "start": 3069.47,
    "end": 3074.53,
    "text": "So we have the mensa, the cafeteria level, which is sort of the lowest level."
  },
  {
    "start": 3074.75,
    "end": 3079.95,
    "text": "And then we have a second level with the rector's office at the library and"
  },
  {
    "start": 3079.95,
    "end": 3083.49,
    "text": "secretary and all these administration kind of offices."
  },
  {
    "start": 3083.81,
    "end": 3088.77,
    "text": "And then we have the top level with the different departments and the workshops."
  },
  {
    "start": 3089.07,
    "end": 3095.75,
    "text": "And they are all put in a sequence and connected through staircases."
  },
  {
    "start": 3095.75,
    "end": 3101.69,
    "text": "So they are not stacked atop on each other but they are sloping down the hill I could say,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3102.47,
    "end": 3111.39,
    "text": "and directly connected to the cafeteria part begins a corridor which connects"
  },
  {
    "start": 3111.39,
    "end": 3114.95,
    "text": "the different student quarters and the student halls."
  },
  {
    "start": 3115.29,
    "end": 3120.33,
    "text": "And there we find, I think, the most striking similarity to Bernau."
  },
  {
    "start": 3121.19,
    "end": 3125.71,
    "text": "If you come today to Ulm, you only see one large student hall,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3125.89,
    "end": 3127.69,
    "text": "which we call the \"Wohnturm\","
  },
  {
    "start": 3128.03,
    "end": 3134.11,
    "text": "plus adjoining smaller wings for the studios, which have about two stories,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3134.17,
    "end": 3137.59,
    "text": "and I think the student hall, the tower has maybe eight."
  },
  {
    "start": 3138.27,
    "end": 3143.81,
    "text": "But Bill had intended to build three of these towers and sort of linking them"
  },
  {
    "start": 3143.81,
    "end": 3145.41,
    "text": "together along the hillside."
  },
  {
    "start": 3145.55,
    "end": 3149.25,
    "text": "This would have been very similar to the situation in Bernau."
  },
  {
    "start": 3149.93,
    "end": 3154.83,
    "text": "And he connected all these buildings with an open-air corridor,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3155.03,
    "end": 3158.77,
    "text": "but sort of walk with a dry head into the main building."
  },
  {
    "start": 3158.77,
    "end": 3163.67,
    "text": "And of course, what Meyer does in Bernau is that he has a glass corridor connecting"
  },
  {
    "start": 3163.67,
    "end": 3167.09,
    "text": "all the different living quarters, which of course is much nicer,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3167.37,
    "end": 3168.71,
    "text": "especially in the winter."
  },
  {
    "start": 3168.99,
    "end": 3173.41,
    "text": "But they couldn't afford that. And I think that he never even thought about this."
  },
  {
    "start": 3173.75,
    "end": 3178.17,
    "text": "So these are similarities to Bernau, but there are also structural similarities"
  },
  {
    "start": 3178.17,
    "end": 3180.69,
    "text": "to Dessau, I would suggest."
  },
  {
    "start": 3180.93,
    "end": 3186.37,
    "text": "For example, you can sort of wake up in the \"Wohnturm\" and via this corridor access"
  },
  {
    "start": 3186.37,
    "end": 3190.65,
    "text": "directly the main building. And this is, of course, the same situation like"
  },
  {
    "start": 3190.65,
    "end": 3193.29,
    "text": "you have at the Prelator in Dessau."
  },
  {
    "start": 3193.51,
    "end": 3197.89,
    "text": "You go down in the first floor, have breakfast, and you can go to your lessons"
  },
  {
    "start": 3197.89,
    "end": 3201.55,
    "text": "or to the workshop without ever leaving the building."
  },
  {
    "start": 3201.73,
    "end": 3204.77,
    "text": "And this is the same idea here in Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 3204.89,
    "end": 3211.41,
    "text": "And also similar to the Bauhaus, Bill designed a couple of double houses together,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3211.99,
    "end": 3217.51,
    "text": "which were used by the lecturers, similar to the Meisterhäuser in Dessau."
  },
  {
    "start": 3218.07,
    "end": 3222.29,
    "text": "And the houses here are even closer to the main school building than they are"
  },
  {
    "start": 3222.29,
    "end": 3225.41,
    "text": "in Dessau. It's maybe a three-minute walk to the first of them."
  },
  {
    "start": 3225.79,
    "end": 3230.91,
    "text": "But again, he didn't have enough money, so he just built six units,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3231.07,
    "end": 3233.73,
    "text": "actually, although he had intended to build more."
  },
  {
    "start": 3234.25,
    "end": 3239.49,
    "text": "And interestingly, and not many people know this, the first house in the sequence"
  },
  {
    "start": 3239.49,
    "end": 3243.63,
    "text": "of houses for the lecturers he wanted to build his own house."
  },
  {
    "start": 3244.13,
    "end": 3247.43,
    "text": "And this, again, not a double house, but a single house,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3247.93,
    "end": 3253.25,
    "text": "a detached house similar to Gropius in that town, who had not a double house"
  },
  {
    "start": 3253.25,
    "end": 3257.59,
    "text": "like Klee and Kandinsky or the others, but who had a house for himself,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3257.85,
    "end": 3262.67,
    "text": "which has been luckily restored in the last couple of years."
  },
  {
    "start": 3262.85,
    "end": 3267.49,
    "text": "So, that's a very telling similarity to the Bauhaus, and also,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3267.63,
    "end": 3270.65,
    "text": "I think, in a way, very telling about the personality of Max Bill."
  },
  {
    "start": 3271.63,
    "end": 3275.73,
    "text": "But this never came to be because they didn't have the funds to do it."
  },
  {
    "start": 3275.87,
    "end": 3280.73,
    "text": "And the foundation was not really happy about this idea because it was really a large house."
  },
  {
    "start": 3280.95,
    "end": 3283.83,
    "text": "I think it had about 300 square meters or something like that,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3283.97,
    "end": 3285.47,
    "text": "which is a very large house."
  },
  {
    "start": 3286.55,
    "end": 3290.21,
    "text": "The Bauhaus building when Max Bill was studying there was brand new."
  },
  {
    "start": 3290.41,
    "end": 3293.75,
    "text": "And I think it must have been one of the most exciting experiences,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3294.05,
    "end": 3300.41,
    "text": "which then would become world-famous, and that can be quite influential for such a young person."
  },
  {
    "start": 3300.59,
    "end": 3305.25,
    "text": "I mean, he was still in his early 20s when he was there."
  },
  {
    "start": 3309.53,
    "end": 3312.81,
    "text": "Of course, I'm no architecture expert."
  },
  {
    "start": 3313.75,
    "end": 3318.75,
    "text": "What impressed me personally was the way light was used when I was filming there,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3318.79,
    "end": 3324.15,
    "text": "because it's very permeable, and these inner courtyards bring light into the"
  },
  {
    "start": 3324.15,
    "end": 3326.95,
    "text": "rooms from the inside. when they are large."
  },
  {
    "start": 3327.29,
    "end": 3329.71,
    "text": "Yes, that impressed me very much."
  },
  {
    "start": 3329.94,
    "end": 3330.14,
    "text": "... Ja, das hat mich sehr beeindruckt."
  },
  {
    "start": 3332.56,
    "end": 3336.79,
    "text": "At first, I did not really think about making it a new Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 3336.95,
    "end": 3341.11,
    "text": "This was the suggestion by Max Bill, and that's a very important fact,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3341.19,
    "end": 3345.81,
    "text": "of course, because Max Bill told them very early on that he thought it's not"
  },
  {
    "start": 3345.81,
    "end": 3351.89,
    "text": "a good idea to name the school after Hans and Sophie Scholl in memory of what they did."
  },
  {
    "start": 3352.11,
    "end": 3356.29,
    "text": "Also, because he said it's too nostalgic, it's too German, and they are not"
  },
  {
    "start": 3356.29,
    "end": 3361.55,
    "text": "known outside of Germany as a resistance group, which is true, actually, at the time."
  },
  {
    "start": 3361.83,
    "end": 3365.29,
    "text": "And he said, well, why don't we try to reestablish the Bauhaus?"
  },
  {
    "start": 3365.41,
    "end": 3371.93,
    "text": "Because he had started at the Bauhaus briefly in 1927-28, and he had excellent"
  },
  {
    "start": 3371.93,
    "end": 3375.61,
    "text": "connections with former Bauhauslers, as we call them in German."
  },
  {
    "start": 3375.87,
    "end": 3381.81,
    "text": "For example, Walter Gropius, the founder of the Bauhaus 1919 in Weimar, and others."
  },
  {
    "start": 3382.52,
    "end": 3387.36,
    "text": "This is also, of course, what intrigued the Americans because they knew what"
  },
  {
    "start": 3387.36,
    "end": 3393.44,
    "text": "the Bauhaus was, certainly also because Moho and Notch had established the new Bauhaus in Chicago."
  },
  {
    "start": 3393.96,
    "end": 3400.12,
    "text": "But sort of 20 years after the closing of the Bauhaus in Berlin, it was quite well known."
  },
  {
    "start": 3400.48,
    "end": 3407.38,
    "text": "So the Americans quite early on decided to establish also Max Bill as the founding rector."
  },
  {
    "start": 3407.38,
    "end": 3413.0,
    "text": "Well, so we have lots of letters in the archives that are documenting this process"
  },
  {
    "start": 3413.0,
    "end": 3420.06,
    "text": "because we can then follow Max Bill's ideas, who he wanted to approach to teach in Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 3420.18,
    "end": 3426.38,
    "text": "And he eventually managed to find four former Bauhausers to come to Ulm to teach classes."
  },
  {
    "start": 3426.7,
    "end": 3431.98,
    "text": "And also he is discussing with Walter Gropius the naming of the school and also"
  },
  {
    "start": 3431.98,
    "end": 3433.74,
    "text": "part of the program, actually."
  },
  {
    "start": 3434.56,
    "end": 3439.74,
    "text": "And so very early on, we can find a letter where he asks Walter Gropius for"
  },
  {
    "start": 3439.74,
    "end": 3443.06,
    "text": "permission to use the name Bauhaus Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 3443.4,
    "end": 3448.66,
    "text": "And Gropius is answering that, of course, he may do that, but he should be aware"
  },
  {
    "start": 3448.66,
    "end": 3451.9,
    "text": "that he sort of could awaken false expectations."
  },
  {
    "start": 3452.22,
    "end": 3456.58,
    "text": "And he would then have to take the brunt of it, was Gropius phrasing."
  },
  {
    "start": 3457.34,
    "end": 3462.72,
    "text": "And Aicher also very early on opposed the idea of calling the project Bauhaus"
  },
  {
    "start": 3462.72,
    "end": 3468.16,
    "text": "Ulm because he said we wanted to put our own stamp as this project and so they"
  },
  {
    "start": 3468.16,
    "end": 3473.98,
    "text": "decided on the name Hochschulevergestaltung which again derives from the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 3474.18,
    "end": 3480.42,
    "text": "The Bauhaus was called in Dessau Staatliches Bauhaus Dessau. Hochschule für Gestaltung"
  },
  {
    "start": 3480.42,
    "end": 3485.4,
    "text": "and so they chose this subtitle as a name for the school in Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 3486.58,
    "end": 3491.68,
    "text": "The best element where we can grasp the direct connection to the Bauhaus is"
  },
  {
    "start": 3491.68,
    "end": 3495.66,
    "text": "the Grundlehre in Ulm, the basic design course,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3495.8,
    "end": 3502.72,
    "text": "which is directly oriented on the famous Vorlehre at the Bauhaus,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3502.72,
    "end": 3506.68,
    "text": "founded by Johannes Itten in the Bauhaus in Weimar."
  },
  {
    "start": 3507.24,
    "end": 3512.72,
    "text": "Bill managed indeed to find four former Bauhäusers to teach in Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 3512.72,
    "end": 3518.62,
    "text": "Walter Peterhans, who taught the first course in 1953, Helene Nonne-Schmidt,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3519.3,
    "end": 3521.32,
    "text": "Josef Albers, who came twice."
  },
  {
    "start": 3521.56,
    "end": 3527.14,
    "text": "And for only one week, they also invited Johannes Itten to teach at the school."
  },
  {
    "start": 3527.98,
    "end": 3531.0,
    "text": "And so in the first year, again, this is important."
  },
  {
    "start": 3531.36,
    "end": 3536.14,
    "text": "The class was compulsory for all students. You could not sort of jump over the"
  },
  {
    "start": 3536.14,
    "end": 3539.56,
    "text": "first year if you had already done a similar education."
  },
  {
    "start": 3539.56,
    "end": 3546.76,
    "text": "And again, this is very similar to what the Bauhaus had in mind for the education of their students."
  },
  {
    "start": 3551.93,
    "end": 3556.91,
    "text": "When he taught in Ulm, well, Bill was in the architecture department himself,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3556.97,
    "end": 3559.41,
    "text": "but design was taught by Hans Gugelot."
  },
  {
    "start": 3559.81,
    "end": 3564.45,
    "text": "He wanted to follow the Bauhaus model. He wanted to make Ulm as if the Nazi"
  },
  {
    "start": 3564.45,
    "end": 3570.07,
    "text": "era had never happened, as if the Bauhaus could have continued to exist. And he built on that."
  },
  {
    "start": 3570.75,
    "end": 3574.11,
    "text": "Of course, he had to respond to the circumstances of the time,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3574.25,
    "end": 3577.43,
    "text": "but the needs were similar to those after the First World War."
  },
  {
    "start": 3577.43,
    "end": 3583.63,
    "text": "There was simply a lot of destruction, many ruins, and people had no money,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3583.79,
    "end": 3587.43,
    "text": "so he really had to design with minimal material expenditure,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3587.75,
    "end": 3590.01,
    "text": "but still with beautiful form."
  },
  {
    "start": 3591.05,
    "end": 3597.01,
    "text": "And 25 years after the Bauhaus, he had met Anni and Josef Albers again in Lima, Peru."
  },
  {
    "start": 3597.77,
    "end": 3602.19,
    "text": "Bill was accompanied by his first wife, Binia Bill, who was a photographer and"
  },
  {
    "start": 3602.19,
    "end": 3605.77,
    "text": "cellist, and both couples were interested in Latin American culture."
  },
  {
    "start": 3606.41,
    "end": 3610.07,
    "text": "Bill was able to convince Albers to come to Ulm for guest lectures."
  },
  {
    "start": 3610.83,
    "end": 3616.27,
    "text": "Albers came twice. As an American citizen, Albers wrote a report in English to"
  },
  {
    "start": 3616.27,
    "end": 3619.69,
    "text": "the High Commissioner in Germany, John J. McCloy, about Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 3620.01,
    "end": 3623.67,
    "text": "How he worked there, how many teaching hours, how many students,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3623.89,
    "end": 3627.89,
    "text": "which countries they came from, because the School of Design had more foreign"
  },
  {
    "start": 3627.89,
    "end": 3632.29,
    "text": "students than other universities, and there were also more foreigners on the"
  },
  {
    "start": 3632.29,
    "end": 3633.59,
    "text": "teaching staff than elsewhere."
  },
  {
    "start": 3633.59,
    "end": 3638.73,
    "text": "And so Albers wrote that Max Bill was doing a very good job there."
  },
  {
    "start": 3645.39,
    "end": 3653.07,
    "text": "Max Bill always believed that art could be a guideline, could be a guidance for designers."
  },
  {
    "start": 3653.83,
    "end": 3658.27,
    "text": "Although they were sort of stressing the point that the Ulm School of Design"
  },
  {
    "start": 3658.27,
    "end": 3662.59,
    "text": "was not an art school. So this is, again, a very important fight,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3662.59,
    "end": 3667.55,
    "text": "they fought, because they said, we need to educate industrial designers."
  },
  {
    "start": 3667.73,
    "end": 3674.49,
    "text": "But Bill was nevertheless giving the arts the first role within design."
  },
  {
    "start": 3674.67,
    "end": 3678.33,
    "text": "And this idea was proposed very much by the younger generation."
  },
  {
    "start": 3678.83,
    "end": 3683.15,
    "text": "And ironically, it was Tomás Maldonado who, together with Aicha,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3683.67,
    "end": 3690.43,
    "text": "were chasing Max Bill away. So in 1954, Al Maldonado arrived at the school."
  },
  {
    "start": 3691.32,
    "end": 3696.88,
    "text": "Tomás Maldonado came to Switzerland because he was interested in Max Bill and"
  },
  {
    "start": 3696.88,
    "end": 3698.44,
    "text": "wanted to write a book about him."
  },
  {
    "start": 3699.22,
    "end": 3705.04,
    "text": "And also interestingly, in 1948, when first Otto Eichler and Inge Scholl visited"
  },
  {
    "start": 3705.04,
    "end": 3709.62,
    "text": "Max Bill on the same day, Tomás Maldonado was also at Max Bill's house."
  },
  {
    "start": 3709.86,
    "end": 3716.0,
    "text": "And so these four people met at this occasion, not knowing what they would be"
  },
  {
    "start": 3716.0,
    "end": 3722.76,
    "text": "doing some years later. And so in 1954, Maldonado joined the school on the invitation of Max Bill."
  },
  {
    "start": 3723.34,
    "end": 3731.5,
    "text": "And in 1955, he already was head of the Grundlehre and introduced his own set of assignments."
  },
  {
    "start": 3732.26,
    "end": 3736.22,
    "text": "They were again completely different from Peterhans, from Albers,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3736.26,
    "end": 3738.22,
    "text": "and of course from Itten."
  },
  {
    "start": 3738.44,
    "end": 3744.04,
    "text": "And they were a group of assignments where I find you had to understand them"
  },
  {
    "start": 3744.04,
    "end": 3749.96,
    "text": "intellectually before you would even be able to put pen or pencil to paper."
  },
  {
    "start": 3750.9,
    "end": 3759.16,
    "text": "So what we can find here is that he is pushing the idea of establishing design,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3759.5,
    "end": 3765.42,
    "text": "industrial design, as a scientific discipline rather than an artistic discipline."
  },
  {
    "start": 3765.82,
    "end": 3771.56,
    "text": "So later in 1958, and at that time Bill had already left, But I guess these"
  },
  {
    "start": 3771.56,
    "end": 3775.34,
    "text": "ideas were already there within Maldonado's thinking."
  },
  {
    "start": 3775.66,
    "end": 3781.94,
    "text": "In 1958, Tomás Maldonado gives a lecture in Brussels on the occasion of the World Fair."
  },
  {
    "start": 3782.16,
    "end": 3784.42,
    "text": "There was a design conference on this occasion."
  },
  {
    "start": 3784.68,
    "end": 3791.06,
    "text": "And there he talks about the Bauhaus, but also about the fact that he thinks"
  },
  {
    "start": 3791.06,
    "end": 3796.1,
    "text": "the Bauhaus was no longer valid as a guidance for the design education."
  },
  {
    "start": 3796.9,
    "end": 3800.68,
    "text": "And of course, this is a very elaborate discussion. But basically,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3800.76,
    "end": 3805.76,
    "text": "he says that the Bauhaus was still too much like an artist's school and the"
  },
  {
    "start": 3805.76,
    "end": 3810.62,
    "text": "products they designed were too much relying on arts and crafts rather than"
  },
  {
    "start": 3810.62,
    "end": 3812.56,
    "text": "industrial production ways."
  },
  {
    "start": 3812.84,
    "end": 3818.92,
    "text": "So they should no longer use the Bauhaus as a guideline, but they had to develop their own guidelines."
  },
  {
    "start": 3819.22,
    "end": 3824.68,
    "text": "And he gives the Ull School as the ideal school at the time at Lit for this"
  },
  {
    "start": 3824.68,
    "end": 3826.28,
    "text": "kind of new design education."
  },
  {
    "start": 3827.24,
    "end": 3832.58,
    "text": "And so what comes out of that and out of this discussion is a model which the"
  },
  {
    "start": 3832.58,
    "end": 3834.96,
    "text": "Ulm school later called the Ulm model."
  },
  {
    "start": 3835.77,
    "end": 3844.47,
    "text": "But this intense opposition to the ideas of the Bauhaus was really chasing Max Bill away."
  },
  {
    "start": 3844.85,
    "end": 3849.09,
    "text": "But of course, Max Bill was not chased away so easily, I would say."
  },
  {
    "start": 3849.31,
    "end": 3852.31,
    "text": "But there was a big conflict also within the school."
  },
  {
    "start": 3852.65,
    "end": 3858.49,
    "text": "And the whole conflict sort of exploded because apparently Max Bill had put"
  },
  {
    "start": 3858.49,
    "end": 3864.57,
    "text": "a sign on his rooms saying \"Atelier Max Bill\" or \"Atelier Bill\","
  },
  {
    "start": 3864.57,
    "end": 3866.27,
    "text": "meaning class of Max Bill,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3866.69,
    "end": 3869.05,
    "text": "sort of a members-only entry."
  },
  {
    "start": 3869.49,
    "end": 3875.27,
    "text": "And this, of course, was opposed to the idea of the school with very low hierarchies"
  },
  {
    "start": 3875.27,
    "end": 3881.49,
    "text": "and, of course, not a typical masterclass system like they had at the traditional"
  },
  {
    "start": 3881.49,
    "end": 3884.05,
    "text": "art academies, like a Beaux-Arts tradition,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3884.37,
    "end": 3889.23,
    "text": "because he had already stepped down as a rector of the school in 1956."
  },
  {
    "start": 3889.75,
    "end": 3895.31,
    "text": "And then they had established a group of rectors, including Maldonado and Aicher and two others."
  },
  {
    "start": 3895.55,
    "end": 3900.17,
    "text": "And they wrote a letter to him and said, well, what you are doing is not within"
  },
  {
    "start": 3900.17,
    "end": 3901.83,
    "text": "the guidelines of the school."
  },
  {
    "start": 3902.01,
    "end": 3907.53,
    "text": "You are interruptive of our ideas and you give the impression of a school within"
  },
  {
    "start": 3907.53,
    "end": 3910.21,
    "text": "the school and we don't want that. Please stop it."
  },
  {
    "start": 3910.53,
    "end": 3915.83,
    "text": "And Bill did not accept this. And so in 1957, he left the school altogether."
  },
  {
    "start": 3916.63,
    "end": 3919.45,
    "text": "But he took about 20 students with him,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3919.73,
    "end": 3924.99,
    "text": "who then sort of worked out an agreement with the directors of the school in"
  },
  {
    "start": 3924.99,
    "end": 3930.55,
    "text": "Ulm that they would be able to take their diploma within the Bill Atelier in"
  },
  {
    "start": 3930.55,
    "end": 3932.81,
    "text": "Zurich. Some of them did, not all of them did."
  },
  {
    "start": 3933.01,
    "end": 3937.05,
    "text": "And so you see, this was already a very explosive situation."
  },
  {
    "start": 3937.05,
    "end": 3942.53,
    "text": "But some of the students had expressly come to Ulm because they wanted to study"
  },
  {
    "start": 3942.53,
    "end": 3947.03,
    "text": "at the Neubauhaus with a former Bauhäusler and, of course, with Max Bill."
  },
  {
    "start": 3947.41,
    "end": 3952.99,
    "text": "And again, you see here his prominence and his being well known within the art"
  },
  {
    "start": 3952.99,
    "end": 3954.89,
    "text": "and design world at the time."
  },
  {
    "start": 3960.37,
    "end": 3965.61,
    "text": "Probably the biggest mistake Bill made was that he had no experience as an educator"
  },
  {
    "start": 3965.61,
    "end": 3969.29,
    "text": "and was probably not particularly skilled in that area."
  },
  {
    "start": 3969.85,
    "end": 3975.53,
    "text": "He was skilled in his field with what I call \"das absolute Augenmaß\","
  },
  {
    "start": 3975.67,
    "end": 3977.75,
    "text": "which is a creative ability."
  },
  {
    "start": 3978.05,
    "end": 3979.87,
    "text": "But he wasn't there enough."
  },
  {
    "start": 3980.75,
    "end": 3982.49,
    "text": "He may also have done too much."
  },
  {
    "start": 3983.45,
    "end": 3988.45,
    "text": "His presence wasn't as strong as it could have been. His mere presence in Ulm"
  },
  {
    "start": 3988.45,
    "end": 3993.89,
    "text": "allowed others to somehow create and expand their areas of influence and power,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3994.11,
    "end": 3996.29,
    "text": "pushing Bill further and further back."
  },
  {
    "start": 3997.42,
    "end": 4002.12,
    "text": "Bill probably should have lived there, but he still lived in Switzerland and"
  },
  {
    "start": 4002.12,
    "end": 4003.58,
    "text": "commuted back and forth."
  },
  {
    "start": 4004.0,
    "end": 4010.46,
    "text": "He really should have taken up residence there, been present and kept things under control."
  },
  {
    "start": 4015.08,
    "end": 4018.32,
    "text": "Although it might seem that after he left the Ulm School of Design,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4018.54,
    "end": 4022.24,
    "text": "there was not much that Bill did, but that is not true at all."
  },
  {
    "start": 4022.92,
    "end": 4026.42,
    "text": "There's far too much that creative and ever-working artists did,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4026.54,
    "end": 4029.56,
    "text": "to name it all, but here are some of the most important things."
  },
  {
    "start": 4030.42,
    "end": 4034.6,
    "text": "After his directorship of the HfG Ulm, Max Bill returned to Zurich."
  },
  {
    "start": 4034.76,
    "end": 4039.74,
    "text": "He will again take up a teaching position, this time as a professor for environmental"
  },
  {
    "start": 4039.74,
    "end": 4042.54,
    "text": "design at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste in Hamburg."
  },
  {
    "start": 4042.8,
    "end": 4045.88,
    "text": "That was from 1967 to 1974."
  },
  {
    "start": 4046.46,
    "end": 4049.76,
    "text": "In addition to his teaching, he also published several books,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4049.76,
    "end": 4053.26,
    "text": "as for example a biography about the third Bauhaus director,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4053.46,
    "end": 4054.44,
    "text": "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe."
  },
  {
    "start": 4054.86,
    "end": 4058.64,
    "text": "He held international lectures about architecture, design and art."
  },
  {
    "start": 4059.48,
    "end": 4062.96,
    "text": "Max Bill, as Erich Schmid mentioned earlier in this podcast episode,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4063.14,
    "end": 4066.62,
    "text": "was also a very political person, a leftist by heart."
  },
  {
    "start": 4067.14,
    "end": 4072.02,
    "text": "His engagement in the resistance during World War II was not the last thing he did."
  },
  {
    "start": 4072.52,
    "end": 4076.78,
    "text": "Already in the 1950s, he got involved with environmental protection issues."
  },
  {
    "start": 4076.78,
    "end": 4083.04,
    "text": "And from 1961 to '68 Bill was a member of the local council in Zurich and from"
  },
  {
    "start": 4083.04,
    "end": 4086.46,
    "text": "'67 to '71 of the Swiss National Council."
  },
  {
    "start": 4087.52,
    "end": 4092.64,
    "text": "His \"Ulmer hocker\" (the Ulm stool), and the design of the timeless watch faces for"
  },
  {
    "start": 4092.64,
    "end": 4093.82,
    "text": "Junghans wristwatches,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4094.0,
    "end": 4099.52,
    "text": "kitchen and wall clocks became design icons of the 1950s and 60s that all of"
  },
  {
    "start": 4099.52,
    "end": 4104.16,
    "text": "us still know today and most of us love them for their simplicity and reduced beauty."
  },
  {
    "start": 4105.0,
    "end": 4109.76,
    "text": "While being an architect and designer by profession, Bill created a vast number"
  },
  {
    "start": 4109.76,
    "end": 4113.42,
    "text": "of drawings, paintings and sculptures according to Concrete Art,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4113.66,
    "end": 4119.04,
    "text": "a movement that he had co-founded in the 1930s and about which we've already talked earlier on."
  },
  {
    "start": 4119.84,
    "end": 4124.14,
    "text": "When I asked Erich Schmid, a proclaimed admirer of Bill's Concrete Art,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4124.4,
    "end": 4128.28,
    "text": "which was his favorite piece of art by Bill, he immediately said that it was"
  },
  {
    "start": 4128.28,
    "end": 4132.2,
    "text": "the \"Pavilion Sculpture\" from 1983 at the Zurich train station."
  },
  {
    "start": 4132.2,
    "end": 4135.1,
    "text": "It was also Max Bild's favorite work."
  },
  {
    "start": 4141.14,
    "end": 4143.26,
    "text": "The \"Pavilion Sculpture\", it"
  },
  {
    "start": 4143.26,
    "end": 4147.84,
    "text": "is a sculpture that can be used. Not everyone understood this right away."
  },
  {
    "start": 4148.34,
    "end": 4152.44,
    "text": "At first, people thought they weren't allowed to sit on these granite blocks,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4152.44,
    "end": 4155.38,
    "text": "which were specially arranged at seating height."
  },
  {
    "start": 4155.92,
    "end": 4159.76,
    "text": "I think there are about 64 elements, all identical."
  },
  {
    "start": 4160.16,
    "end": 4167.5,
    "text": "It was 18 gates through which you can move. Bill said he wanted to do the opposite of a labyrinth."
  },
  {
    "start": 4168.26,
    "end": 4172.98,
    "text": "Aesthetically, it is a connection between the small-scale old town on a square"
  },
  {
    "start": 4172.98,
    "end": 4177.26,
    "text": "in Zurich and the large-scale banking architecture on the other side."
  },
  {
    "start": 4177.78,
    "end": 4183.84,
    "text": "He called it a \"Knoten im Raum\" (a knot in space or in a room)."
  },
  {
    "start": 4184.5,
    "end": 4188.3,
    "text": "He wanted to counteract the confusion in which we live today."
  },
  {
    "start": 4189.76,
    "end": 4194.16,
    "text": "So, transparency comes in with the opposite of a labyrinth."
  },
  {
    "start": 4194.62,
    "end": 4198.64,
    "text": "Freedom comes in, the freedom to use it and how to use it."
  },
  {
    "start": 4198.84,
    "end": 4204.82,
    "text": "And the same elements, equality, freedom, and transparency are actually the"
  },
  {
    "start": 4204.82,
    "end": 4207.78,
    "text": "alphabet of democracy if you want to make it work."
  },
  {
    "start": 4208.3,
    "end": 4213.98,
    "text": "So, imagine when the bank manager sits on one side and on the other side,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4213.98,
    "end": 4219.02,
    "text": "the sculpture is about 30 or 40 meters long, I think, sits the road worker."
  },
  {
    "start": 4219.3,
    "end": 4224.84,
    "text": "Then the bank manager can't buy anything in it, and the road worker doesn't have to pay anything."
  },
  {
    "start": 4225.72,
    "end": 4231.86,
    "text": "So it's a sculpture that people can use, where they can hang out without having to pay anything."
  },
  {
    "start": 4232.52,
    "end": 4238.08,
    "text": "That's nearly impossible on Bahnhofstraße, probably the most expensive street"
  },
  {
    "start": 4238.08,
    "end": 4240.44,
    "text": "in Europe with all those fancy shops."
  },
  {
    "start": 4241.1,
    "end": 4245.78,
    "text": "It's almost impossible to walk down that road without spending some cash,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4246.06,
    "end": 4251.8,
    "text": "but here you can just be without paying anything, and it's a nice place."
  },
  {
    "start": 4252.69,
    "end": 4256.59,
    "text": "I can only recommend sitting down there and getting a feel for the aesthetics"
  },
  {
    "start": 4256.59,
    "end": 4261.73,
    "text": "of this connection between two urban spaces and seeing how these granite blocks,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4261.83,
    "end": 4266.15,
    "text": "which reflect everything that moves around them, when the tram arrives,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4266.33,
    "end": 4268.43,
    "text": "suddenly they start to vibrate."
  },
  {
    "start": 4269.09,
    "end": 4274.47,
    "text": "At the very least, the harmony, the beauty that is a service to society,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4274.47,
    "end": 4279.45,
    "text": "and perhaps even something close to a model service, which I think is magnificent."
  },
  {
    "start": 4280.15,
    "end": 4285.59,
    "text": "Bill would have wanted to be buried there, he said, and Angela did it posthumously"
  },
  {
    "start": 4285.59,
    "end": 4287.71,
    "text": "by scattering his ashes there."
  },
  {
    "start": 4288.03,
    "end": 4292.47,
    "text": "It's a criminal offence, but the statute of limitations has expired."
  },
  {
    "start": 4299.25,
    "end": 4303.69,
    "text": "Max Bill received several prizes for his artwork, and there is even a school"
  },
  {
    "start": 4303.69,
    "end": 4306.95,
    "text": "in Berlin today that named itself Max-Bill-School for Planning,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4307.13,
    "end": 4311.19,
    "text": "Building and Designing. I guess he would have loved that, to see his different"
  },
  {
    "start": 4311.19,
    "end": 4313.23,
    "text": "professions unified in one school."
  },
  {
    "start": 4313.71,
    "end": 4318.35,
    "text": "And it was also here in Berlin where Bill died on 9th of December 1994."
  },
  {
    "start": 4319.13,
    "end": 4323.79,
    "text": "He was about to return home to Angela Thomas when he realized at the counter"
  },
  {
    "start": 4323.79,
    "end": 4328.73,
    "text": "of Tegel Airport that he had lost his ticket and then suffered a heart attack of which he died."
  },
  {
    "start": 4329.49,
    "end": 4333.69,
    "text": "Max Bill was an anchor point around people of the Bauhaus during the Résistance"
  },
  {
    "start": 4333.69,
    "end": 4335.53,
    "text": "and then later at the HfG Ulm."
  },
  {
    "start": 4335.53,
    "end": 4340.01,
    "text": "He was an inspiring teacher for many and became one of the leading designers"
  },
  {
    "start": 4340.01,
    "end": 4344.81,
    "text": "of the 20th century and one of the best-known artists of the small country between"
  },
  {
    "start": 4344.81,
    "end": 4347.41,
    "text": "Germany, France and Italy, Switzerland."
  },
  {
    "start": 4348.07,
    "end": 4354.23,
    "text": "But he was also a workaholic, as his wife Angela told me, always relaxing with one art from the other."
  },
  {
    "start": 4354.67,
    "end": 4358.77,
    "text": "And he was very good at organizing his life and always finding time for women"
  },
  {
    "start": 4358.77,
    "end": 4361.39,
    "text": "too, as she said with a smile on her face."
  },
  {
    "start": 4362.22,
    "end": 4366.58,
    "text": "I would like to thank Angela and Erich for inviting me to their home in Zumikon,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4366.84,
    "end": 4369.64,
    "text": "showing me around and talking to me for hours."
  },
  {
    "start": 4369.94,
    "end": 4373.82,
    "text": "It has been an inspiring journey for me to get to know Max Bill much deeper"
  },
  {
    "start": 4373.82,
    "end": 4375.68,
    "text": "than I ever imagined before."
  },
  {
    "start": 4376.24,
    "end": 4379.8,
    "text": "And thank you, Martin Mäntele, for readily sharing your knowledge about the"
  },
  {
    "start": 4379.8,
    "end": 4382.12,
    "text": "Ulm School of Design and Max Bill's role in it."
  },
  {
    "start": 4382.5,
    "end": 4386.48,
    "text": "Although, as you might have noticed, the audio recording did not work out without"
  },
  {
    "start": 4386.48,
    "end": 4388.86,
    "text": "difficulties, I'm sorry about that."
  },
  {
    "start": 4389.58,
    "end": 4393.1,
    "text": "Both interviews were much longer than what you've heard in this episode,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4393.12,
    "end": 4396.82,
    "text": "and I urge you to look out for the bonus episodes that I will publish in the"
  },
  {
    "start": 4396.82,
    "end": 4398.08,
    "text": "next two weeks for you too."
  },
  {
    "start": 4398.68,
    "end": 4402.16,
    "text": "Here you will hear everything else that didn't make it in this episode,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4402.34,
    "end": 4405.02,
    "text": "because otherwise it would have been another three-parter."
  },
  {
    "start": 4405.56,
    "end": 4412.74,
    "text": "I urge you to go and see Erich Schmidt's wonderful documentary called \"Max Bill –Das absolute Augenmaß /Max"
  },
  {
    "start": 4412.74,
    "end": 4414.48,
    "text": "Bill –The Master's Vision\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 4414.82,
    "end": 4418.42,
    "text": "It's a great film about an inspiring and multifaceted person."
  },
  {
    "start": 4418.86,
    "end": 4425.46,
    "text": "The next film screening will be on 17th of October 2025 at HfG Ulm and another"
  },
  {
    "start": 4425.46,
    "end": 4430.18,
    "text": "one on 28th of October 2025 at the Shedhalle in Zug, Switzerland,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4430.54,
    "end": 4432.26,
    "text": "just in case you happen to be around."
  },
  {
    "start": 4432.5,
    "end": 4436.8,
    "text": "We have mentioned many more Bauhäuslers in this episode, like Josef Albers,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4436.98,
    "end": 4438.28,
    "text": "Gunta Stölzl and Hannes Meyer."
  },
  {
    "start": 4438.52,
    "end": 4441.28,
    "text": "And maybe you would like to know more about them too?"
  },
  {
    "start": 4441.84,
    "end": 4446.42,
    "text": "Please go on the podcast website, bauhausfaces.com or in Spotify,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4446.66,
    "end": 4450.76,
    "text": "Apple Podcasts, YouTube or wherever you are getting your regular podcasts and"
  },
  {
    "start": 4450.76,
    "end": 4453.44,
    "text": "find episodes of bauhaus faces about them too."
  },
  {
    "start": 4453.8,
    "end": 4458.56,
    "text": "And keep on recommending and liking bauhaus faces, which really helps and I"
  },
  {
    "start": 4458.56,
    "end": 4461.1,
    "text": "see that in the continuously growing number of listeners."
  },
  {
    "start": 4461.5,
    "end": 4467.58,
    "text": "You can also follow me for bonus material on Instagram where I am @bauhausfacespodcast."
  },
  {
    "start": 4468.28,
    "end": 4472.8,
    "text": "As always, I will link all relevant materials and websites that I mentioned"
  },
  {
    "start": 4472.8,
    "end": 4477.38,
    "text": "in this episode in the show notes. And now, there's nothing left to say but"
  },
  {
    "start": 4477.38,
    "end": 4481.9,
    "text": "\"Tune in next time for a new episode of bauhaus faces.\""
  },
  {
    "start": 4482.0,
    "end": 4498.77,
    "text": "Music."
  }
]