[
  {
    "start": 0.02,
    "end": 3.86,
    "text": "Hannes Meyer never stops being a protagonist for this group of people,"
  },
  {
    "start": 4.04,
    "end": 6.38,
    "text": "but eventually Meyer is left behind."
  },
  {
    "start": 6.58,
    "end": 11.98,
    "text": "And people like Tolziner, Konrad Püschel, or René Mensch, and Weiner in particular,"
  },
  {
    "start": 12.46,
    "end": 15.8,
    "text": "will continue to be connected to what they learned in the Bauhaus,"
  },
  {
    "start": 15.9,
    "end": 17.88,
    "text": "but also have careers of their own."
  },
  {
    "start": 18.58,
    "end": 24.2,
    "text": "My name is Daniel Talesnik. I studied architecture in the Universidad Católica"
  },
  {
    "start": 24.2,
    "end": 29.62,
    "text": "de Chile, and then I went for a master's and a PhD to Columbia University in New York."
  },
  {
    "start": 30.2,
    "end": 34.82,
    "text": "My name is Anja Guttenberger and this is my podcast \"bauhaus faces\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 51.06,
    "end": 55.76,
    "text": "Welcome back to a new episode of \"bauhaus faces\". Thanks for tuning in again."
  },
  {
    "start": 56.38,
    "end": 59.78,
    "text": "A brand new episode of \"bauhaus faces\" is finally here."
  },
  {
    "start": 60.04,
    "end": 64.4,
    "text": "This time I talked to the Chilean architect and architecture historian Daniel"
  },
  {
    "start": 64.4,
    "end": 69.14,
    "text": "Talesnik about a whole group of Bauhaus students while taking a closer look"
  },
  {
    "start": 69.14,
    "end": 72.28,
    "text": "at the life of one of them, the architect Tibor Weiner."
  },
  {
    "start": 73.18,
    "end": 77.0,
    "text": "Weiner was part of a group that formed around the second Bauhaus director and"
  },
  {
    "start": 77.0,
    "end": 81.6,
    "text": "Swiss architect Hannes Meyer, the so-called \"Red Bauhaus Brigade.\""
  },
  {
    "start": 82.12,
    "end": 87.04,
    "text": "If you are a regular listener of \"bauhaus faces\", you will have already binged"
  },
  {
    "start": 87.04,
    "end": 88.66,
    "text": "the three episodes about Hannes"
  },
  {
    "start": 88.66,
    "end": 92.5,
    "text": "Meyer and the episode about his wife Léna Meyer Bergner too, I guess."
  },
  {
    "start": 92.9,
    "end": 98.4,
    "text": "If so, you already know that Meyer was dismissed from the Bauhaus in 1930 and"
  },
  {
    "start": 98.4,
    "end": 100.86,
    "text": "that he subsequently went to the Soviet Union."
  },
  {
    "start": 101.32,
    "end": 103.02,
    "text": "Lena Bergner soon followed."
  },
  {
    "start": 103.6,
    "end": 108.44,
    "text": "Seven of Meyer's former architecture students from the Bauhaus wanted to continue"
  },
  {
    "start": 108.44,
    "end": 112.5,
    "text": "working with Meier as their mentor and also followed him to Moscow."
  },
  {
    "start": 113.12,
    "end": 118.7,
    "text": "And those students were Béla Scheffler, Antonin Urban, Konrad Püschel,"
  },
  {
    "start": 119.06,
    "end": 120.78,
    "text": "René Mensch, Klaus Meumann,"
  },
  {
    "start": 121.32,
    "end": 126.38,
    "text": "Philipp Tolziner and Tibor Weiner, an international crowd that had befriended"
  },
  {
    "start": 126.38,
    "end": 130.7,
    "text": "during their studies at the Bauhaus in Dessau and their work of the Dessau-Turton"
  },
  {
    "start": 130.7,
    "end": 134.2,
    "text": "Houses with Balcony Access and the HGB Trade Union School."
  },
  {
    "start": 135.08,
    "end": 139.26,
    "text": "Daniel Talesnik, who is currently a lecturer in architecture history at the"
  },
  {
    "start": 139.26,
    "end": 145.06,
    "text": "University of Bath in the UK, dedicated his PhD thesis with the title The Itinerant"
  },
  {
    "start": 145.06,
    "end": 149.68,
    "text": "Red Bauhaus or the Third Immigration to this group, and Tibor Weiner in particular,"
  },
  {
    "start": 150.24,
    "end": 153.54,
    "text": "following their adventurous trails after the group had fallen apart."
  },
  {
    "start": 154.24,
    "end": 158.82,
    "text": "In Tibor Weiner's case, it was a trail that took him from the Soviet Union"
  },
  {
    "start": 158.82,
    "end": 162.76,
    "text": "to a stopover in Paris, then on to the other end of the world in Chile,"
  },
  {
    "start": 163.02,
    "end": 166.34,
    "text": "and after the Second World War back to his homeland, Hungary."
  },
  {
    "start": 167.52,
    "end": 169.66,
    "text": "Architecture, for Weiner as for"
  },
  {
    "start": 169.66,
    "end": 174.0,
    "text": "many of his fellow Red Bauhaus Brigade comrades, was the tool to survive."
  },
  {
    "start": 174.76,
    "end": 179.78,
    "text": "As a Jew and communist, Weiner faced constant dangers in a world when both were"
  },
  {
    "start": 179.78,
    "end": 182.42,
    "text": "persecuted in different parts of the world."
  },
  {
    "start": 182.86,
    "end": 186.48,
    "text": "He was lucky because architects were needed in one place or another,"
  },
  {
    "start": 186.7,
    "end": 190.94,
    "text": "although at that point, under the pressure to design in line with the regime,"
  },
  {
    "start": 191.2,
    "end": 195.16,
    "text": "he seems to have been unable to build what he believed was great architecture."
  },
  {
    "start": 196.44,
    "end": 201.6,
    "text": "During our conversation, Daniel also told me a lot about some of the other members"
  },
  {
    "start": 201.6,
    "end": 206.54,
    "text": "of the Red Bauhaus Brigade, each of whom had lived through their own unique life stories."
  },
  {
    "start": 207.24,
    "end": 212.24,
    "text": "We therefore decided to meet again to record a bonus episode for you about Konrad"
  },
  {
    "start": 212.24,
    "end": 216.08,
    "text": "Püschel, whose job in the GDR took him as far as North Korea,"
  },
  {
    "start": 216.62,
    "end": 222.48,
    "text": "Ernst Mensch, who ended up in Iran, and Philipp Tolziner, who after his 10-year"
  },
  {
    "start": 222.48,
    "end": 226.84,
    "text": "imprisonment in a Gulag in the Soviet Union, became one of the first monument"
  },
  {
    "start": 226.84,
    "end": 229.04,
    "text": "preservationists of the Soviet Union."
  },
  {
    "start": 229.24,
    "end": 233.3,
    "text": "So, don't forget to look out for this episode later this month too."
  },
  {
    "start": 233.3,
    "end": 237.78,
    "text": "And please don't forget to give \"bauhaus faces\" a five-star review on Spotify"
  },
  {
    "start": 237.78,
    "end": 241.98,
    "text": "or Apple Podcasts and to recommend it to friends, family and colleagues who"
  },
  {
    "start": 241.98,
    "end": 244.68,
    "text": "might be interested in the lives and work of Bauhauslers, too."
  },
  {
    "start": 245.66,
    "end": 251.2,
    "text": "Now, without much further ado, let's dive into a new episode of \"bauhaus faces\""
  },
  {
    "start": 251.2,
    "end": 255.84,
    "text": "and shine a light on Tibor Weiner and the Red Bauhaus Brigade."
  },
  {
    "start": 259.08,
    "end": 265.64,
    "text": "Tibor Weiner is precisely my way in to the larger research, because he lived"
  },
  {
    "start": 265.64,
    "end": 272.56,
    "text": "in Chile for a period of time, almost parallel to the Second World War, from 1939 to 1948."
  },
  {
    "start": 272.98,
    "end": 279.48,
    "text": "And I was very curious about what he did there, and that led to basically reconstructing,"
  },
  {
    "start": 279.6,
    "end": 284.88,
    "text": "we could say, the universe from where he had emerged as an architect, an educator."
  },
  {
    "start": 286.5,
    "end": 292.04,
    "text": "I've met in person two of his three daughters, and I've been able to reconstruct"
  },
  {
    "start": 292.04,
    "end": 296.34,
    "text": "a little bit the story of his childhood and the background of the family."
  },
  {
    "start": 297.66,
    "end": 302.34,
    "text": "Tibor Weiner was born in 1906 in Budapest, in Hungary."
  },
  {
    "start": 302.68,
    "end": 308.22,
    "text": "He came from a Jewish household, and his father worked in some capacity for the kingdom."
  },
  {
    "start": 308.54,
    "end": 313.18,
    "text": "He worked in the mills, apparently, so they were an upper-middle-class family."
  },
  {
    "start": 314.06,
    "end": 317.88,
    "text": "Why did he study architecture? That's a question that I can't answer."
  },
  {
    "start": 318.04,
    "end": 323.0,
    "text": "But I know that he studied architecture between 1924 and 1928."
  },
  {
    "start": 323.6,
    "end": 328.78,
    "text": "And he studied in a university that was called the Franz Josef Royal University,"
  },
  {
    "start": 329.12,
    "end": 332.08,
    "text": "which is today the Technical University of Budapest."
  },
  {
    "start": 332.36,
    "end": 336.52,
    "text": "And it was a university, at least in the career of architecture,"
  },
  {
    "start": 336.84,
    "end": 341.1,
    "text": "that was based or modeled a little bit after the Zürich ETH."
  },
  {
    "start": 341.1,
    "end": 345.72,
    "text": "So architects with a technical emphasis, architect engineers."
  },
  {
    "start": 346.14,
    "end": 350.6,
    "text": "The only difference is that there was an emphasis on architectural history,"
  },
  {
    "start": 350.84,
    "end": 354.8,
    "text": "which I am not sure if that was the case in the ETH at the time."
  },
  {
    "start": 356.03,
    "end": 359.55,
    "text": "The Bauhaus, there was a very active connection with Hungarians."
  },
  {
    "start": 359.89,
    "end": 364.29,
    "text": "That's one thing that could be said, including Marcel Breuer who had been born in Hungary."
  },
  {
    "start": 364.71,
    "end": 369.23,
    "text": "Lászlo Moholy-Nagy was Hungarian. But most importantly, or more specifically,"
  },
  {
    "start": 369.69,
    "end": 372.95,
    "text": "an architect called Farkas Molnár had been to the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 373.15,
    "end": 379.43,
    "text": "And after Weiner studied architecture, he worked for Farkas Molnár in Budapest."
  },
  {
    "start": 379.65,
    "end": 384.33,
    "text": "So that's my speculation, that that encounter led him to know about the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 384.33,
    "end": 388.67,
    "text": "It should be established that when Farkas Molnár was in the Bauhaus until"
  },
  {
    "start": 388.67,
    "end": 392.33,
    "text": "1925, there wasn't really an architectural program, you could say."
  },
  {
    "start": 392.51,
    "end": 397.39,
    "text": "So this was a new thing, the formal architectural training in the Bauhaus that"
  },
  {
    "start": 397.39,
    "end": 402.07,
    "text": "had started to happen in 1927 with the arrival of Hannes Meyer."
  },
  {
    "start": 402.79,
    "end": 407.59,
    "text": "Architects or people that studied in the Bauhaus before there was a formal architectural"
  },
  {
    "start": 407.59,
    "end": 411.89,
    "text": "program, they did, quote unquote, maybe not trained as architects,"
  },
  {
    "start": 412.09,
    "end": 417.41,
    "text": "but they could work in architectural related things under the supervision of Walter Gropius."
  },
  {
    "start": 417.85,
    "end": 422.71,
    "text": "So there are architectural projects in the period. Probably the most emblematic"
  },
  {
    "start": 422.71,
    "end": 427.19,
    "text": "of those projects is the Haus am Horn in Weimar, but it's not the only one."
  },
  {
    "start": 427.41,
    "end": 430.49,
    "text": "There were \"Siedlungen\" (settlements) and other things designed at the period,"
  },
  {
    "start": 430.49,
    "end": 434.61,
    "text": "and it is understood that they were directly supervised by the architects and"
  },
  {
    "start": 434.61,
    "end": 437.51,
    "text": "the faculty, even working from their private offices."
  },
  {
    "start": 438.31,
    "end": 443.23,
    "text": "But there was no formal architectural training until Hannes Meyer arrived."
  },
  {
    "start": 443.75,
    "end": 448.21,
    "text": "Yeah, he worked for Paul Ligeti and Farkas Molnár from March to October 1929, according to one of his CVs,"
  },
  {
    "start": 450.73,
    "end": 456.47,
    "text": "and he will go or enroll in the Bavos in Dessau in the winter of 1929."
  },
  {
    "start": 456.55,
    "end": 459.99,
    "text": "His enrollment number was 391."
  },
  {
    "start": 461.66,
    "end": 465.8,
    "text": "Well, everybody, including the postgraduate students, had to go through the"
  },
  {
    "start": 465.8,
    "end": 469.08,
    "text": "\"Vorkurs,\" which at that moment in time was taught by Josef Albers,"
  },
  {
    "start": 469.46,
    "end": 472.24,
    "text": "and roughly be translated as material and handicrafts."
  },
  {
    "start": 472.48,
    "end": 476.02,
    "text": "And then he also took a class with Vasily Kandinsky, he"
  },
  {
    "start": 476.02,
    "end": 478.6,
    "text": "took a class of figure drawing with Joost Schmidt,"
  },
  {
    "start": 479.0,
    "end": 482.5,
    "text": "he took a class of representational drawing with Fritz Kuhr."
  },
  {
    "start": 483.14,
    "end": 487.18,
    "text": "We know that also he audited several classes for which he probably wasn't evaluated"
  },
  {
    "start": 487.18,
    "end": 491.1,
    "text": "with a grade, like business studies and psychotechnics with Hans Riedel,"
  },
  {
    "start": 491.28,
    "end": 495.36,
    "text": "or he attended lectures also by architect Paul Artaria."
  },
  {
    "start": 495.96,
    "end": 500.32,
    "text": "Some other basic courses we know for a fact from one of his CVs like mathematics,"
  },
  {
    "start": 500.78,
    "end": 505.04,
    "text": "chemistry, descriptive geometry, he was exempted from because he had already"
  },
  {
    "start": 505.04,
    "end": 507.68,
    "text": "done similar courses in his undergraduate studies."
  },
  {
    "start": 508.26,
    "end": 511.24,
    "text": "It's interesting because I think that if you were a postgraduate study,"
  },
  {
    "start": 511.38,
    "end": 514.3,
    "text": "you were allowed to do a semester of the Vorkurs only––that's"
  },
  {
    "start": 514.3,
    "end": 517.32,
    "text": "what I remember from my understanding, not a full year of the Vorkurs."
  },
  {
    "start": 517.6,
    "end": 522.0,
    "text": "So the second semester, he worked directly with Hannes Meyer."
  },
  {
    "start": 522.4,
    "end": 525.72,
    "text": "At least that's what's established in his CV."
  },
  {
    "start": 526.0,
    "end": 530.86,
    "text": "He became his assistant. I know for a fact, because there's a recommendation"
  },
  {
    "start": 530.86,
    "end": 536.26,
    "text": "letter from Hannes Meyer to Tibor Weiner that I study as part of the documents"
  },
  {
    "start": 536.26,
    "end": 538.28,
    "text": "that I reviewed for my thesis,"
  },
  {
    "start": 538.72,
    "end": 544.02,
    "text": "he says precisely that \"from May 1st, 1930 until October 15th,"
  },
  {
    "start": 544.22,
    "end": 546.7,
    "text": "1930, following my petition\","
  },
  {
    "start": 547.08,
    "end": 552.26,
    "text": "meaning that he asked Weiner, \"Weiner worked in my private practice in Berlin,"
  },
  {
    "start": 552.52,
    "end": 558.0,
    "text": "preparing plans for the publication of the ADGB Trade Union School in Bernau"
  },
  {
    "start": 558.0,
    "end": 562.68,
    "text": "near Berlin and drawing the municipal building inspection plans for this project\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 563.92,
    "end": 569.66,
    "text": "He did a project with Philipp Tolziner in 1930 called \"Community Dwelling for"
  },
  {
    "start": 569.66,
    "end": 576.6,
    "text": "the Workers of a Factory in a Socialized State\" that they didn't do as part of a class assignment."
  },
  {
    "start": 576.9,
    "end": 581.94,
    "text": "They did it, let's say, out of free will, or it was a freelance student project"
  },
  {
    "start": 581.94,
    "end": 584.74,
    "text": "because they wanted to get feedback from the teachers."
  },
  {
    "start": 585.22,
    "end": 589.16,
    "text": "So definitely, Philipp Tolziner must have been a close friend."
  },
  {
    "start": 589.16,
    "end": 593.46,
    "text": "And those were studies that they conducted in the room of Philipp Tolziner"
  },
  {
    "start": 593.46,
    "end": 595.1,
    "text": "in his apartment in Dessau."
  },
  {
    "start": 595.8,
    "end": 600.54,
    "text": "This is one of the projects that I found published in several books when I started"
  },
  {
    "start": 600.54,
    "end": 605.38,
    "text": "doing my research. And that gave me a clue early on that Weiner had existed"
  },
  {
    "start": 605.38,
    "end": 607.52,
    "text": "and that he had been in the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 607.7,
    "end": 611.26,
    "text": "It was one of the earliest, let's say, proofs of that."
  },
  {
    "start": 611.92,
    "end": 618.36,
    "text": "It's kind of a block that has living quarters for workers. It's for a nondescript"
  },
  {
    "start": 618.36,
    "end": 625.86,
    "text": "or nonspecified city, but it's a study of, let's say, minimum dwelling for workers."
  },
  {
    "start": 626.1,
    "end": 631.28,
    "text": "And particularly political in its outlook now, from the title forward."
  },
  {
    "start": 632.48,
    "end": 636.82,
    "text": "For those of you who have already listened to my podcast episode on \"bauhaus faces\""
  },
  {
    "start": 636.82,
    "end": 640.5,
    "text": "about Ludwig Hilberseimer, you may wonder, just as I did,"
  },
  {
    "start": 640.68,
    "end": 644.8,
    "text": "if this freelance project by Tibor Weiner and Philipp Tolziner at the Bauhaus"
  },
  {
    "start": 644.8,
    "end": 646.92,
    "text": "was maybe influenced by him."
  },
  {
    "start": 647.76,
    "end": 652.48,
    "text": "Hilberseimer, too, intensively engaged in social housing and the existential minimum,"
  },
  {
    "start": 652.9,
    "end": 657.7,
    "text": "offering different solutions from low-rise and mid-rise buildings to high-rise"
  },
  {
    "start": 657.7,
    "end": 660.46,
    "text": "apartment hotels with shared communal spaces."
  },
  {
    "start": 661.18,
    "end": 665.4,
    "text": "Sometimes even mixing all three housing types in one urban plan."
  },
  {
    "start": 666.56,
    "end": 670.76,
    "text": "Hilberseimer became head of the building department in 1929 at the Bauhaus,"
  },
  {
    "start": 670.94,
    "end": 673.04,
    "text": "when Hans Wittwer had left the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 673.32,
    "end": 677.6,
    "text": "He carried on with certain scientific approaches that Wittwer had introduced,"
  },
  {
    "start": 677.9,
    "end": 681.98,
    "text": "like the study of the sunlight and the ways the inhabitants of a new building"
  },
  {
    "start": 681.98,
    "end": 685.76,
    "text": "would take, and then further developed those studies by looking at the natural"
  },
  {
    "start": 685.76,
    "end": 687.3,
    "text": "ventilation and so forth."
  },
  {
    "start": 688.1,
    "end": 692.22,
    "text": "This is exactly what Tibor Weiner and his fellow students of the building department"
  },
  {
    "start": 692.22,
    "end": 696.74,
    "text": "did in their freelance studies, and there are even multiple other examples of"
  },
  {
    "start": 696.74,
    "end": 699.06,
    "text": "this, but I won't get into that right now."
  },
  {
    "start": 699.44,
    "end": 703.96,
    "text": "Anyway, I asked Daniel Talesnik if he knew about a connection between Hilberseimer"
  },
  {
    "start": 703.96,
    "end": 706.5,
    "text": "and Weiner, and this is what he answered."
  },
  {
    "start": 708.04,
    "end": 712.2,
    "text": "It's not that he didn't encounter Ludwig Hilberseimer of the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 712.52,
    "end": 717.46,
    "text": "He didn't take classes with him. But for instance, Konrad Püschel was one of"
  },
  {
    "start": 717.46,
    "end": 720.28,
    "text": "the original members of the Red Bauhaus Brigade."
  },
  {
    "start": 720.42,
    "end": 723.6,
    "text": "He did in 1928, before Weiner was there."
  },
  {
    "start": 724.64,
    "end": 731.68,
    "text": "In any case, the social preoccupation and how people live was something that"
  },
  {
    "start": 731.68,
    "end": 735.0,
    "text": "then Hilberseimer, when he lived in Chicago, was very connected to."
  },
  {
    "start": 735.62,
    "end": 740.04,
    "text": "That same exercise that we've been commenting, that is roughly translated as"
  },
  {
    "start": 740.04,
    "end": 744.14,
    "text": "community dwelling for the workers of a factory in a socialized state,"
  },
  {
    "start": 744.42,
    "end": 751.84,
    "text": "when they pinned this exercise in the Bauhaus, the person that was most impressed,"
  },
  {
    "start": 751.84,
    "end": 755.56,
    "text": "according to a memoir from Philipp Tolziner,"
  },
  {
    "start": 755.9,
    "end": 758.52,
    "text": "was Ludwig Hilberseimer with this project."
  },
  {
    "start": 758.52,
    "end": 762.96,
    "text": "And he suggested to them that it should be published under a different title,"
  },
  {
    "start": 763.56,
    "end": 765.28,
    "text": "one without the socialist reference."
  },
  {
    "start": 765.74,
    "end": 769.66,
    "text": "However, they rejected this idea, Tolziner and Weiner."
  },
  {
    "start": 769.96,
    "end": 775.22,
    "text": "This is part of a memoir or memory from Philipp Tolziner."
  },
  {
    "start": 775.78,
    "end": 779.08,
    "text": "Did Hilberseimer actually say that? It's impossible to prove."
  },
  {
    "start": 779.32,
    "end": 785.36,
    "text": "But that's in a text by him called \"Mit Hannes Meyer am Bauhaus und in der Sowjetunion.\""
  },
  {
    "start": 787.71,
    "end": 792.27,
    "text": "We know for a fact that he was expelled from the Bauhaus on September 9th, 1930,"
  },
  {
    "start": 792.83,
    "end": 796.29,
    "text": "along with a lot of the foreigners that had been studying there at the time"
  },
  {
    "start": 796.29,
    "end": 801.01,
    "text": "and that were involved in some capacity in political activities and that left,"
  },
  {
    "start": 801.21,
    "end": 805.77,
    "text": "were invited to leave after the dismissal of Hannes Meyer."
  },
  {
    "start": 805.99,
    "end": 809.81,
    "text": "In those images of the expelled group of foreign students leaving Dessau,"
  },
  {
    "start": 810.21,
    "end": 813.83,
    "text": "and I've identified Béla Scheffler, Antonin Urban, Tibor Weiner,"
  },
  {
    "start": 813.83,
    "end": 818.07,
    "text": "Munio Weinraub, and Ladislaus Fussmann in the photographs."
  },
  {
    "start": 818.35,
    "end": 821.31,
    "text": "And the classmates go and bid them farewell."
  },
  {
    "start": 822.41,
    "end": 826.77,
    "text": "Well, being expelled not just from a school, but also from a whole town,"
  },
  {
    "start": 826.99,
    "end": 831.55,
    "text": "in this case the Bauhaus in Dessau, I thought must have had fundamental reasons."
  },
  {
    "start": 832.05,
    "end": 836.31,
    "text": "In Weiner's case, and in the case of the other Bauhaus students that were expelled"
  },
  {
    "start": 836.31,
    "end": 840.73,
    "text": "from the Bauhaus, the reasons were never clearly addressed by any of them."
  },
  {
    "start": 841.17,
    "end": 845.45,
    "text": "At least so far, no researcher has found any document about that."
  },
  {
    "start": 845.97,
    "end": 849.75,
    "text": "So I asked Daniel if this might have had to do with their involvement with the"
  },
  {
    "start": 849.75,
    "end": 853.97,
    "text": "Communist Party or the \"Kostufra\" (a communist student group at the Bauhaus)."
  },
  {
    "start": 854.43,
    "end": 859.25,
    "text": "I'll jump ahead to what Daniel replied, namely that, according to his research,"
  },
  {
    "start": 859.69,
    "end": 862.89,
    "text": "only one of the expelled students was a member of the Kostufra."
  },
  {
    "start": 863.35,
    "end": 866.69,
    "text": "I then asked what did he think the reasons were."
  },
  {
    "start": 867.39,
    "end": 872.33,
    "text": "Let's listen to Daniel who elaborates on my questions and uncovers the chronology"
  },
  {
    "start": 872.33,
    "end": 875.11,
    "text": "of events that might have led to the expulsion."
  },
  {
    "start": 876.9,
    "end": 883.36,
    "text": "I'm not 100% sure if Tibor Weiner was a member of the Kostufra, you ask me that."
  },
  {
    "start": 883.6,
    "end": 887.44,
    "text": "In my research, he doesn't appear like one. Based on Fodor's recollections"
  },
  {
    "start": 887.44,
    "end": 891.24,
    "text": "and other documents, I know that, for instance, Hans Aldner,"
  },
  {
    "start": 891.42,
    "end": 897.02,
    "text": "Willi Jungmittag, Waldemar Adler, Ernst Mittag, Etel Fodor, Ricarda Meltzer,"
  },
  {
    "start": 897.62,
    "end": 901.6,
    "text": "Hans Schwerin, Ladislau Fussman, Béla Scheffler, and Martin Decker,"
  },
  {
    "start": 901.76,
    "end": 907.0,
    "text": "also another student called Albert Buske, were official members of the Kostufra."
  },
  {
    "start": 907.42,
    "end": 911.8,
    "text": "But others like Antonin Urban, Klaus Meumann, Konrad Püschel, Philipp Tolziner,"
  },
  {
    "start": 912.28,
    "end": 916.14,
    "text": "and Weiner, I understand they sympathized with the left, of course,"
  },
  {
    "start": 916.38,
    "end": 918.64,
    "text": "but they were not members of the Kostufra."
  },
  {
    "start": 918.96,
    "end": 923.6,
    "text": "Tolziner, in his memoir, he makes clear that neither him nor Weiner were active"
  },
  {
    "start": 923.6,
    "end": 927.78,
    "text": "in politics in the Bauhaus, although they were clearly interested in left-wing ideas."
  },
  {
    "start": 928.04,
    "end": 932.64,
    "text": "But they were not student representatives of the Communist Party or something"
  },
  {
    "start": 932.64,
    "end": 937.04,
    "text": "along those lines. So that has been clarified by Tolziner in his memoir."
  },
  {
    "start": 939.27,
    "end": 946.77,
    "text": "Soon after the expulsion of Hannes Meyer from the Bauhaus, there is a letter"
  },
  {
    "start": 946.77,
    "end": 952.89,
    "text": "that I found among the documents, signed by Antonin Urban, Tibor Weiner, and Béla Scheffler, on"
  },
  {
    "start": 952.89,
    "end": 958.01,
    "text": "August 4 of 1930, which is only three days after Hannes Meyer is expelled"
  },
  {
    "start": 958.01,
    "end": 960.19,
    "text": "from the Bauhaus, probably more people"
  },
  {
    "start": 960.19,
    "end": 964.19,
    "text": "signed afterwards. It's on official stationery from Béla Scheffler."
  },
  {
    "start": 964.35,
    "end": 968.15,
    "text": "He must have had some sort of architectural operation because it says \"Béla"
  },
  {
    "start": 968.15,
    "end": 969.87,
    "text": "Scheffler Architekt\" on the top."
  },
  {
    "start": 970.07,
    "end": 974.15,
    "text": "And there's a paragraph that reads: \"We are thinking that it would be right if"
  },
  {
    "start": 974.15,
    "end": 975.45,
    "text": "we could stay together with you."
  },
  {
    "start": 975.67,
    "end": 981.07,
    "text": "We should discuss in what capacity. For now, we just want to tell you that this is what we want.\""
  },
  {
    "start": 981.39,
    "end": 984.89,
    "text": "So it's a sign-up sheet or a letter in support of Hannes Meyer."
  },
  {
    "start": 985.15,
    "end": 986.87,
    "text": "It's understood that they sent to him."
  },
  {
    "start": 987.41,
    "end": 992.01,
    "text": "So that's the origin or a first piece of evidence of the fact that they wanted"
  },
  {
    "start": 992.01,
    "end": 996.85,
    "text": "to stay together as a group and to work with Meyer as a mentor, right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 997.03,
    "end": 1001.63,
    "text": "And I interpret in my research that basically their move to the Soviet Union"
  },
  {
    "start": 1001.63,
    "end": 1005.23,
    "text": "as a group is a continuation of their education."
  },
  {
    "start": 1006.64,
    "end": 1012.5,
    "text": "We do know that when Mies is named the director at the start of the next semester,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1012.8,
    "end": 1017.74,
    "text": "he makes all of the students sign a document establishing that they will not be active in politics."
  },
  {
    "start": 1018.24,
    "end": 1023.1,
    "text": "It could coincide with the fact that some students didn't sign or agree or"
  },
  {
    "start": 1023.1,
    "end": 1027.92,
    "text": "something along those lines, although the Kostufra still works underground during"
  },
  {
    "start": 1027.92,
    "end": 1029.98,
    "text": "his time and that were not expelled."
  },
  {
    "start": 1030.76,
    "end": 1035.08,
    "text": "And that's when he closes the Prellerhaus and asks the students to find another"
  },
  {
    "start": 1035.08,
    "end": 1041.16,
    "text": "accommodation and has used other measures to prevent political association."
  },
  {
    "start": 1042.16,
    "end": 1046.74,
    "text": "He converts the Prellerhaus from studios to workrooms, and there's guest rooms"
  },
  {
    "start": 1046.74,
    "end": 1048.28,
    "text": "for teachers on the fifth floor."
  },
  {
    "start": 1049.04,
    "end": 1053.02,
    "text": "So Meyer is expelled August 1st, 1930."
  },
  {
    "start": 1053.48,
    "end": 1057.7,
    "text": "The students write that support letter on the 4th of August,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1057.96,
    "end": 1059.22,
    "text": "saying that they want to stay together."
  },
  {
    "start": 1059.5,
    "end": 1065.3,
    "text": "Then by August 5th, Mies signs a contract. And by September 9th"
  },
  {
    "start": 1065.52,
    "end": 1067.16,
    "text": "some of the foreigners are expelled."
  },
  {
    "start": 1068.7,
    "end": 1074.78,
    "text": "He gives him an official diploma. Mies van der Rohe signs Tibor Weiner's diploma in December 1930."
  },
  {
    "start": 1076.41,
    "end": 1080.29,
    "text": "To put it quite clearly, the document that Daniel Talasnik has found here,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1080.53,
    "end": 1083.25,
    "text": "the sign-up sheet in support of Hannes Meyer as a mentor,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1083.55,
    "end": 1087.13,
    "text": "could well mark the official birth of the Red Bauhaus Brigade,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1087.35,
    "end": 1091.47,
    "text": "a group of Bauhaus students who gathered around Hannes Meyer and eventually"
  },
  {
    "start": 1091.47,
    "end": 1093.69,
    "text": "emigrated with him to the Soviet Union."
  },
  {
    "start": 1094.43,
    "end": 1099.09,
    "text": "The chronology of events that Daniel outlined shows that this written declaration"
  },
  {
    "start": 1099.09,
    "end": 1103.71,
    "text": "of support for Hannes Meyer, made immediately after the dismissal as Bauhaus"
  },
  {
    "start": 1103.71,
    "end": 1108.83,
    "text": "director would have been a perfectly valid reason to expel the students from the school as well."
  },
  {
    "start": 1109.01,
    "end": 1113.31,
    "text": "On the other hand, it is possible that they did not sign a document demanded"
  },
  {
    "start": 1113.31,
    "end": 1117.57,
    "text": "by Mies van der Rohe in which they were required to pledge that they would not"
  },
  {
    "start": 1117.57,
    "end": 1119.07,
    "text": "engage in political activity."
  },
  {
    "start": 1119.73,
    "end": 1123.65,
    "text": "Mies van der Rohe as the third and final Bauhaus director was,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1123.83,
    "end": 1129.11,
    "text": "like his predecessors Walter Gropius and Hannes Meyer, under intense political pressure,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1129.67,
    "end": 1135.49,
    "text": "particularly in the early 1930s as the NSDAP, the National Socialist Party in Germany,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1135.89,
    "end": 1141.45,
    "text": "gained increasing support and the Bauhaus had by then been branded a red stronghold,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1141.81,
    "end": 1146.37,
    "text": "even though this had little to do with reality because it was only part of the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 1146.99,
    "end": 1151.75,
    "text": "It is questionable whether a mere refusal to sign would have led to an immediate"
  },
  {
    "start": 1151.75,
    "end": 1153.63,
    "text": "expulsion from the city altogether."
  },
  {
    "start": 1154.31,
    "end": 1158.73,
    "text": "The students' loyalty to Hannes Meyer, however, who had been dismissed from"
  },
  {
    "start": 1158.73,
    "end": 1162.05,
    "text": "the Bauhaus in absence on the grounds of alleged political activities,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1162.45,
    "end": 1164.83,
    "text": "would have been a perfectly logical reason."
  },
  {
    "start": 1165.21,
    "end": 1169.53,
    "text": "It seems that Mies wouldn't have had any other option than expelling the students."
  },
  {
    "start": 1170.53,
    "end": 1174.73,
    "text": "Tibor Weiner's Bauhaus diploma, signed by Mies van der Rohe in late 1930,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1175.29,
    "end": 1179.61,
    "text": "seems to suggest that he was on the side of the expelled students and that their"
  },
  {
    "start": 1179.61,
    "end": 1185.21,
    "text": "expulsion from the school was not entirely and voluntarily decided by the Bauers' director alone."
  },
  {
    "start": 1186.12,
    "end": 1190.54,
    "text": "If you are interested in this particular time, I recommend listening to the"
  },
  {
    "start": 1190.54,
    "end": 1194.98,
    "text": "podcast episodes of \"bauhaus faces\" about Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Mies van der"
  },
  {
    "start": 1194.98,
    "end": 1199.14,
    "text": "Rohe, in which I discussed this period with the art historians Dara Kiese,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1199.46,
    "end": 1202.72,
    "text": "Tatjana Efrussi, Fritz Neumeyer and Wita Noack, too."
  },
  {
    "start": 1203.64,
    "end": 1207.94,
    "text": "Let's go now back to Daniel and see what Tibor Weiner and his fellow Red Bauhaus"
  },
  {
    "start": 1207.94,
    "end": 1212.32,
    "text": "Brigade comrades did after they were expelled from the Bauhaus and from Dessau."
  },
  {
    "start": 1212.32,
    "end": 1220.08,
    "text": "Well, he stayed in Germany and he's part of the group that was enthused by the"
  },
  {
    "start": 1220.08,
    "end": 1224.2,
    "text": "idea of joining Hannes Meyer in the Soviet Union."
  },
  {
    "start": 1224.4,
    "end": 1227.82,
    "text": "Because after Meyer was expelled, let's say this to narrate the story,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1227.94,
    "end": 1232.84,
    "text": "he presented himself in the Soviet consulate in Berlin and offered his services."
  },
  {
    "start": 1233.1,
    "end": 1239.72,
    "text": "So he courted an invitation for himself, if you will, with the support of several people."
  },
  {
    "start": 1239.72,
    "end": 1244.18,
    "text": "And that took a while, because he first leaves with one of the students called"
  },
  {
    "start": 1244.18,
    "end": 1249.34,
    "text": "Béla Scheffler, who was from Belarusia, but of Hungarian extraction, if you will."
  },
  {
    "start": 1249.6,
    "end": 1253.04,
    "text": "And he goes in October 1930 to the Soviet Union."
  },
  {
    "start": 1253.22,
    "end": 1257.86,
    "text": "But the other six students, among which we find Weiner, and their names are"
  },
  {
    "start": 1257.86,
    "end": 1262.34,
    "text": "Klaus Meumann, Antonin Urban, Konrad Püschel, Philipp Tolziner,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1262.66,
    "end": 1268.16,
    "text": "René Mensch, and Tibor Weiner, they won't arrive until early 1931."
  },
  {
    "start": 1268.84,
    "end": 1274.12,
    "text": "They are an international group. I started by saying that Béla Scheffler was"
  },
  {
    "start": 1274.12,
    "end": 1277.96,
    "text": "from Belarusia, Klaus Meumann, German, Antonin Urban was Czech,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1278.64,
    "end": 1282.04,
    "text": "Konrad Puschel was German, Philipp Tolziner, German as well,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1282.18,
    "end": 1283.7,
    "text": "but René Mensch was Swiss."
  },
  {
    "start": 1284.08,
    "end": 1289.46,
    "text": "So it's a very representative group of what was the reality of the Bauhaus at"
  },
  {
    "start": 1289.46,
    "end": 1292.98,
    "text": "that point in time, a very international studentship."
  },
  {
    "start": 1294.12,
    "end": 1297.52,
    "text": "It was very difficult to bring them to the Soviet Union. Well,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1297.6,
    "end": 1301.62,
    "text": "they got visas or papers and received official invitations and they could travel."
  },
  {
    "start": 1302.0,
    "end": 1306.5,
    "text": "But at some point, when Hannes Meyer is already in the Soviet Union and they"
  },
  {
    "start": 1306.5,
    "end": 1309.1,
    "text": "are still waiting for their papers, and I believe they're leaving together,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1309.28,
    "end": 1313.5,
    "text": "some of them, waiting for the papers to arrive, there's a discussion of how"
  },
  {
    "start": 1313.5,
    "end": 1315.94,
    "text": "are they going to be paid or how much they're going to be paid."
  },
  {
    "start": 1316.26,
    "end": 1320.86,
    "text": "And Hannes Meyer explains to them that it looks like not enough money,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1320.9,
    "end": 1323.78,
    "text": "but actually you can live quite well on that sum."
  },
  {
    "start": 1324.12,
    "end": 1329.2,
    "text": "It's a non-consumerist society, and he goes into that line of explanations."
  },
  {
    "start": 1329.7,
    "end": 1332.2,
    "text": "There's a lot of what happens to Hannes Meyer in the Soviet Union,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1332.3,
    "end": 1335.34,
    "text": "and probably he talked about this in detail with Tatiana Efrussi,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1335.5,
    "end": 1337.46,
    "text": "is that he becomes a communist."
  },
  {
    "start": 1338.06,
    "end": 1341.38,
    "text": "He gets indoctrinated formally, if you will."
  },
  {
    "start": 1341.64,
    "end": 1347.74,
    "text": "He starts studying Marxism, and the letters that he sends to Lotte Beese at that"
  },
  {
    "start": 1347.74,
    "end": 1353.16,
    "text": "point in time, eventually Lotte Stam-Beese was his partner at the time of those letters."
  },
  {
    "start": 1353.16,
    "end": 1359.6,
    "text": "He says to her things like, you need to study more before coming here or you"
  },
  {
    "start": 1359.6,
    "end": 1360.88,
    "text": "wouldn't make a good socialist."
  },
  {
    "start": 1361.26,
    "end": 1364.68,
    "text": "Anyway, there's a lot of discussion of him being, let's say,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1364.8,
    "end": 1368.6,
    "text": "a new version of himself because he has encountered a society that works under"
  },
  {
    "start": 1368.6,
    "end": 1371.8,
    "text": "different premises and that he's going native."
  },
  {
    "start": 1373.42,
    "end": 1378.78,
    "text": "Well, Tolziner, Urban, and Weiner did one of the entries for the 1931 competition"
  },
  {
    "start": 1378.78,
    "end": 1380.2,
    "text": "for the Palace of the Soviets."
  },
  {
    "start": 1380.42,
    "end": 1383.16,
    "text": "This was one of the stages of a competition that had several."
  },
  {
    "start": 1383.66,
    "end": 1387.2,
    "text": "And they claim that Hannes Meyer was a consultant."
  },
  {
    "start": 1387.62,
    "end": 1391.96,
    "text": "And Hannes Meyer reinforces this idea. But how true is this?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1392.1,
    "end": 1396.14,
    "text": "Meaning, probably he was more involved than just as a consultant."
  },
  {
    "start": 1396.92,
    "end": 1400.74,
    "text": "What is important about this competition, it's clearly a modern project,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1400.74,
    "end": 1405.7,
    "text": "although it has some hints of what would be socialist realism later,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1405.72,
    "end": 1407.34,
    "text": "and we can deal with that immediately."
  },
  {
    "start": 1407.54,
    "end": 1412.06,
    "text": "Those hints are a compound of statues that were located in the square,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1412.44,
    "end": 1418.04,
    "text": "four statues that were called something along the lines of the five-year plan in four years."
  },
  {
    "start": 1418.44,
    "end": 1422.62,
    "text": "And then there's also a frieze in the main building that had a motto,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1422.62,
    "end": 1427.2,
    "text": "and you could say that that's also something that would appear in the architecture"
  },
  {
    "start": 1427.2,
    "end": 1429.9,
    "text": "towards the end of the 1930s in the Soviet Union."
  },
  {
    "start": 1430.14,
    "end": 1433.98,
    "text": "But it is a modern project, and it's two buildings."
  },
  {
    "start": 1434.12,
    "end": 1439.32,
    "text": "There's an administrative center that had a seating capacity of 5,900 people,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1439.48,
    "end": 1444.28,
    "text": "and then the big building, the Congress Hall, had a seating capacity for 15,000."
  },
  {
    "start": 1444.76,
    "end": 1447.42,
    "text": "It's parallel to the river, and there's"
  },
  {
    "start": 1447.42,
    "end": 1451.56,
    "text": "a very big square between the two buildings. It's a rectangular lot."
  },
  {
    "start": 1451.92,
    "end": 1455.9,
    "text": "In the middle of the compound, and this is perhaps what's most interesting about"
  },
  {
    "start": 1455.9,
    "end": 1461.66,
    "text": "the project, there is a large public space that was 220 by 110 meters."
  },
  {
    "start": 1462.2,
    "end": 1467.32,
    "text": "And this, we can call it a civic plaza, could be activated in different formats"
  },
  {
    "start": 1467.32,
    "end": 1468.9,
    "text": "depending of what was happening."
  },
  {
    "start": 1469.14,
    "end": 1474.66,
    "text": "You could have bleachers, you could have a stage, or certain other configurations."
  },
  {
    "start": 1475.0,
    "end": 1481.4,
    "text": "And what's most striking about this project is that for the May 1st demonstrations"
  },
  {
    "start": 1481.4,
    "end": 1483.5,
    "text": "and also for the anniversary of the revolution,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1483.86,
    "end": 1488.84,
    "text": "meaning when there's marching crowds, the crowds could go under the small building"
  },
  {
    "start": 1488.84,
    "end": 1493.86,
    "text": "and literally enter the bigger building and march through it."
  },
  {
    "start": 1494.38,
    "end": 1500.02,
    "text": "Very interesting project that they participated as a subgroup of the Red Bauhaus"
  },
  {
    "start": 1500.02,
    "end": 1504.48,
    "text": "Brigade during the period that they were still together working as a group in"
  },
  {
    "start": 1504.48,
    "end": 1505.88,
    "text": "one of the trusts in Moscow."
  },
  {
    "start": 1507.3,
    "end": 1512.48,
    "text": "They lived together with Hannes Meyer in Arbat Square, and there's some photographs of that."
  },
  {
    "start": 1512.64,
    "end": 1516.86,
    "text": "In the documents of Tolziner, you can find the floor plan."
  },
  {
    "start": 1516.96,
    "end": 1521.44,
    "text": "It's a big apartment, and the distribution of how they organized the apartment."
  },
  {
    "start": 1521.44,
    "end": 1525.84,
    "text": "There's one for Weiner, one for Urban, one for Puschel, one for Meumann,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1526.18,
    "end": 1529.94,
    "text": "one for Rene Mensch, there's one for Béla Scheffler, one for Hannes Meyer."
  },
  {
    "start": 1530.3,
    "end": 1535.04,
    "text": "There's one shared bathroom with a shower, there's probably a smaller bathroom"
  },
  {
    "start": 1535.04,
    "end": 1540.46,
    "text": "without a shower, and there's other two people that live in the house as well"
  },
  {
    "start": 1540.46,
    "end": 1543.9,
    "text": "that are not part of the so-called \"Red Bauhaus Brigade.\""
  },
  {
    "start": 1544.56,
    "end": 1548.16,
    "text": "Yeah, they're invited to work in a trust that's called \"Giprovtus,\""
  },
  {
    "start": 1548.52,
    "end": 1552.64,
    "text": "which is the Construction of Higher and Technical Educational Colleges Trust."
  },
  {
    "start": 1553.02,
    "end": 1557.36,
    "text": "And they are there as a group between 1931 and 1933."
  },
  {
    "start": 1558.2,
    "end": 1563.44,
    "text": "Hannes Meyer is involved in the beginning, but soon after, he leaves this trust"
  },
  {
    "start": 1563.44,
    "end": 1568.96,
    "text": "to assume other responsibilities, but this group of students stays there."
  },
  {
    "start": 1569.12,
    "end": 1574.58,
    "text": "And they're designing schools, prototypes, and so on. They work for places like"
  },
  {
    "start": 1574.58,
    "end": 1577.78,
    "text": "Tashkent, Baku, and that lasts until 33."
  },
  {
    "start": 1579.79,
    "end": 1582.89,
    "text": "What happened to the Red Bauhaus Brigade members after 1933,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1582.89,
    "end": 1587.39,
    "text": "when they stopped working together as a group in Giprovtus?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1588.33,
    "end": 1591.73,
    "text": "What's most interesting, for me at least, is that unlike Meyer,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1591.97,
    "end": 1595.79,
    "text": "many of the members of the brigade were able to build in the Soviet Union,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1595.97,
    "end": 1598.87,
    "text": "meaning that the designs that they did got built."
  },
  {
    "start": 1599.45,
    "end": 1604.73,
    "text": "Urban, for instance, allegedly designed and built a vocational school in Novokuznetsk."
  },
  {
    "start": 1604.73,
    "end": 1610.53,
    "text": "In 1932 also, Béla Scheffler went to work for an architect called Peter Oranskisch,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1610.73,
    "end": 1614.39,
    "text": "and he worked in the planning of a new city called Uralmasch,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1614.59,
    "end": 1616.99,
    "text": "and he designed a series of buildings,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1617.21,
    "end": 1620.79,
    "text": "among them a school with 10 classrooms and also a stadium."
  },
  {
    "start": 1621.91,
    "end": 1627.59,
    "text": "Most importantly, at least for the group that I study more in detail, in 1933,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1628.09,
    "end": 1633.47,
    "text": "Püschel, Tolziner, and Weiner joined former Ernst May Brigade members Mart"
  },
  {
    "start": 1633.47,
    "end": 1639.15,
    "text": "Stam and Hans Schmidt in designing the city of Orsk, where they would remain until 1936."
  },
  {
    "start": 1639.59,
    "end": 1644.03,
    "text": "As was normally the case for new towns, Orsk was built to accompany an industrial"
  },
  {
    "start": 1644.03,
    "end": 1647.21,
    "text": "operation on the banks of a river, in this case the Ural River."
  },
  {
    "start": 1647.37,
    "end": 1649.17,
    "text": "This is towards the border with Kazakhstan."
  },
  {
    "start": 1650.25,
    "end": 1653.07,
    "text": "Eventually, Schmidt had hold charge of the design of this project,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1653.25,
    "end": 1657.75,
    "text": "modifying the center-less first proposal and rearranging the buildings on the"
  },
  {
    "start": 1657.75,
    "end": 1663.03,
    "text": "short sides of the rectangular city blocks by rotating them 90 degrees to create"
  },
  {
    "start": 1663.03,
    "end": 1665.87,
    "text": "basically a profile of a main street."
  },
  {
    "start": 1666.53,
    "end": 1670.51,
    "text": "Under Schmidt, the three former Bauhaus Brigade members took on design and construction"
  },
  {
    "start": 1670.51,
    "end": 1672.83,
    "text": "tasks, individually or in pairs."
  },
  {
    "start": 1673.11,
    "end": 1675.25,
    "text": "They took charge of whole city sectors."
  },
  {
    "start": 1675.73,
    "end": 1682.85,
    "text": "Moreover, since qualified laborers were very scarce, they also had the duty"
  },
  {
    "start": 1682.85,
    "end": 1686.53,
    "text": "or the responsibility of training workers with no building experience,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1686.81,
    "end": 1689.09,
    "text": "which was also part of their job there."
  },
  {
    "start": 1689.67,
    "end": 1696.67,
    "text": "The project that he did with Tolziner was, you could say, a prototype for housing workers."
  },
  {
    "start": 1696.87,
    "end": 1702.81,
    "text": "And I've associated it more in my mind with the ADGB trade union school and"
  },
  {
    "start": 1702.81,
    "end": 1707.53,
    "text": "the way that workers were housed there and brigades, although they slept together"
  },
  {
    "start": 1707.53,
    "end": 1709.77,
    "text": "in rooms, but that type of minimal living."
  },
  {
    "start": 1710.45,
    "end": 1716.33,
    "text": "The quartals in Orsk were for workers and their families, so there were different type of housings."
  },
  {
    "start": 1716.59,
    "end": 1721.09,
    "text": "I don't know the details of the project of the socialized state that we've talked"
  },
  {
    "start": 1721.09,
    "end": 1724.99,
    "text": "about. I've seen the plans and I can derive conclusions from that."
  },
  {
    "start": 1725.65,
    "end": 1728.97,
    "text": "But what I can tell you from the buildings in Orsk is, yeah,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1729.07,
    "end": 1733.21,
    "text": "there are blocks of building. They look pretty much like a housing neighborhood"
  },
  {
    "start": 1733.21,
    "end": 1736.47,
    "text": "in any socialist city during the post-war."
  },
  {
    "start": 1737.95,
    "end": 1741.89,
    "text": "Generally speaking, we can say that the first show trials in the Soviet Union"
  },
  {
    "start": 1741.89,
    "end": 1748.55,
    "text": "started in 1936, and this prompted the beginning of the exodus of all foreigners who could leave."
  },
  {
    "start": 1748.89,
    "end": 1754.03,
    "text": "Even those who remained an extra year, like it was the case of Tibor Weiner,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1754.73,
    "end": 1760.57,
    "text": "left the Soviet Union by November 1937 at the latest, if they were able to do so."
  },
  {
    "start": 1760.57,
    "end": 1764.75,
    "text": "We commented, for instance, that Philipp Tolziner, being of Jewish extraction,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1765.55,
    "end": 1770.39,
    "text": "by 1937, with the Nuremberg racial laws already having been promoted,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1770.39,
    "end": 1772.47,
    "text": "in Germany, he had no passport."
  },
  {
    "start": 1772.47,
    "end": 1776.09,
    "text": "He was no longer a German citizen, so he could not return to Germany."
  },
  {
    "start": 1777.07,
    "end": 1782.43,
    "text": "Those who ended up staying usually had no choice, but their destinies were very tragic."
  },
  {
    "start": 1782.61,
    "end": 1787.25,
    "text": "They ended up either murdered or they were sent to the Gulag,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1787.45,
    "end": 1790.27,
    "text": "under accusations usually of espionage."
  },
  {
    "start": 1790.57,
    "end": 1794.39,
    "text": "Hannes Meyer, for instance, left the Soviet Union in 1936."
  },
  {
    "start": 1794.93,
    "end": 1800.07,
    "text": "No matter how much Meyer and the other Red Bauhaus Brigade members had identified"
  },
  {
    "start": 1800.07,
    "end": 1804.61,
    "text": "with the Soviet project, we can say that it was clear to them,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1804.79,
    "end": 1809.73,
    "text": "first and foremost, that they could not live at that point in time at the service of it."
  },
  {
    "start": 1810.73,
    "end": 1814.23,
    "text": "So he leaves November 1937, very"
  },
  {
    "start": 1814.23,
    "end": 1818.91,
    "text": "last minute, after he worked with Hans Schmid and Mart Stam in Orsk, he"
  },
  {
    "start": 1818.91,
    "end": 1822.11,
    "text": "works in other trusts and does other projects here and there."
  },
  {
    "start": 1822.31,
    "end": 1827.03,
    "text": "But we find him towards the last stage, administrating some designs that had"
  },
  {
    "start": 1827.03,
    "end": 1829.51,
    "text": "been left behind by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky."
  },
  {
    "start": 1829.71,
    "end": 1833.01,
    "text": "So he's kind of the person that stays in charge of them."
  },
  {
    "start": 1833.17,
    "end": 1835.31,
    "text": "She has left already with [Wilhelm] Schütte."
  },
  {
    "start": 1835.73,
    "end": 1840.65,
    "text": "[It was] probably a combination of the political situation and the lack of work."
  },
  {
    "start": 1840.73,
    "end": 1843.43,
    "text": "And also the turning currents in the design."
  },
  {
    "start": 1843.71,
    "end": 1848.17,
    "text": "Yeah, it was the beginning also of socialist realism being imposed and so on."
  },
  {
    "start": 1848.37,
    "end": 1850.99,
    "text": "What we can't say is that he left because he could."
  },
  {
    "start": 1851.85,
    "end": 1855.61,
    "text": "And there's a brief stint in Austria, which is very strange."
  },
  {
    "start": 1855.79,
    "end": 1858.27,
    "text": "And I have never been able to confirm why he goes to Vienna."
  },
  {
    "start": 1858.51,
    "end": 1861.63,
    "text": "But eventually he spends a whole year in Paris."
  },
  {
    "start": 1861.69,
    "end": 1866.29,
    "text": "In connection also again with Margareta Schütte-Lihotzky, they will design or"
  },
  {
    "start": 1866.29,
    "end": 1870.35,
    "text": "make a competition for a school with a local architect called Pierre Forrestier that"
  },
  {
    "start": 1870.35,
    "end": 1872.47,
    "text": "doesn't get built on the outskirts of Paris."
  },
  {
    "start": 1873.05,
    "end": 1876.23,
    "text": "And then, the year that he spends in Paris, he's desperate to leave."
  },
  {
    "start": 1876.49,
    "end": 1880.81,
    "text": "He's just looking for a way out. We have evidence of all the letters that he writes."
  },
  {
    "start": 1881.19,
    "end": 1887.11,
    "text": "He's trying to get a job in Australia. He's trying to find, just literally trying to leave Europe."
  },
  {
    "start": 1888.21,
    "end": 1892.23,
    "text": "Tibor Weiner's efforts to leave are best documented in a series of letters"
  },
  {
    "start": 1892.23,
    "end": 1895.51,
    "text": "that he exchanged with his mentor, Hannes Meyer, starting"
  },
  {
    "start": 1895.51,
    "end": 1901.29,
    "text": "in 1937, when Weiner writes to Meyer: \"I really want to get to the other"
  },
  {
    "start": 1901.29,
    "end": 1904.79,
    "text": "end of the world as soon as possible, if not to the moon.\""
  },
  {
    "start": 1906.05,
    "end": 1909.67,
    "text": "The correspondence is today part of the Hannes Meyer estate at the Deutsche"
  },
  {
    "start": 1909.67,
    "end": 1912.77,
    "text": "Architekturmuseum in Frankfurt am Main at the DAM [Deutsches Architekturmuseum]."
  },
  {
    "start": 1913.9,
    "end": 1918.0,
    "text": "They will write to each other very actively in that period that he's in France,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1918.0,
    "end": 1923.2,
    "text": "and then they will write to each other also when one is in Mexico and the other is in Chile."
  },
  {
    "start": 1923.58,
    "end": 1927.34,
    "text": "Less frequent, but still there is some communication between them."
  },
  {
    "start": 1927.8,
    "end": 1935.86,
    "text": "So there's several letters from 1938/1939, when he's trying to literally find a way out."
  },
  {
    "start": 1936.16,
    "end": 1940.2,
    "text": "The letters from Paris is asking for advice on what to do. Where should he go?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1940.38,
    "end": 1943.48,
    "text": "Or telling him what he's planning to do, exchanging information."
  },
  {
    "start": 1943.9,
    "end": 1948.32,
    "text": "And informing each other of what's happened to who after they last saw each other."
  },
  {
    "start": 1949.1,
    "end": 1953.16,
    "text": "And interestingly, he tells them that there could be prospects in the United States."
  },
  {
    "start": 1953.52,
    "end": 1959.72,
    "text": "He tells them specifically that he has evaluated South Africa, England, and Ceylon."
  },
  {
    "start": 1960.02,
    "end": 1965.06,
    "text": "He says that Hans Schmidt, who he had worked for in Orsk, had spoken to him"
  },
  {
    "start": 1965.06,
    "end": 1967.94,
    "text": "about opportunities in what is now Sri Lanka, right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 1968.32,
    "end": 1972.14,
    "text": "He has also considered Chile in one of the early letters, Argentina and Mexico,"
  },
  {
    "start": 1972.14,
    "end": 1974.48,
    "text": "as possible immigration destinations."
  },
  {
    "start": 1974.84,
    "end": 1980.64,
    "text": "We do know for a fact that in 1938, Weiner attempted to obtain immigration papers"
  },
  {
    "start": 1980.64,
    "end": 1984.14,
    "text": "to Australia via the Australian Jewish Welfare Society."
  },
  {
    "start": 1984.4,
    "end": 1989.58,
    "text": "And he also wrote to the Australian Department of Interior in Canberra, but nothing came of it."
  },
  {
    "start": 1989.82,
    "end": 1995.72,
    "text": "And also at some point he tries to get papers to go to Ankara in Turkey, but nothing happens."
  },
  {
    "start": 1997.34,
    "end": 2003.74,
    "text": "The exact reason of why Chile, I do not know. Certain things make sense or connect"
  },
  {
    "start": 2003.74,
    "end": 2005.2,
    "text": "to each other quite logically."
  },
  {
    "start": 2006.2,
    "end": 2012.42,
    "text": "I have the speculation of this very big earthquake and there was the need for architects."
  },
  {
    "start": 2012.44,
    "end": 2015.9,
    "text": "Impossible to confirm until now, but that's my assumption."
  },
  {
    "start": 2016.3,
    "end": 2022.72,
    "text": "There's competing information in the papers. The people that sign is Visa––I"
  },
  {
    "start": 2022.72,
    "end": 2027.36,
    "text": "can't quite figure out why they're involved in the quote-unquote \"operation\" of him moving to Chile. B"
  },
  {
    "start": 2027.62,
    "end": 2032.84,
    "text": "ut clearly there is someone that supports or sponsors his visa application"
  },
  {
    "start": 2032.84,
    "end": 2038.24,
    "text": "that is connected to the architect for whom he will work when he arrives in Chile."
  },
  {
    "start": 2038.44,
    "end": 2041.42,
    "text": "And eventually he does work in the reconstruction efforts."
  },
  {
    "start": 2041.68,
    "end": 2047.16,
    "text": "And there is a fire station in a city called Chillán that is built that he designed"
  },
  {
    "start": 2047.16,
    "end": 2050.1,
    "text": "that has to do with this earthquake reconstruction."
  },
  {
    "start": 2050.1,
    "end": 2055.3,
    "text": "There is a competition in a city called Concepción for a market that never gets"
  },
  {
    "start": 2055.3,
    "end": 2059.92,
    "text": "built––not the project that he designed gets built, but designed by other architects."
  },
  {
    "start": 2060.24,
    "end": 2064.36,
    "text": "So it does happen that he's involved in this reconstruction in some capacity."
  },
  {
    "start": 2064.54,
    "end": 2066.48,
    "text": "So that's how we speculate about that."
  },
  {
    "start": 2067.74,
    "end": 2074.14,
    "text": "He gets married right before to a fellow Hungarian, and he arrives in Chile towards the end of 1939."
  },
  {
    "start": 2076.57,
    "end": 2080.45,
    "text": "An interesting project, perhaps because it was the biggest one that he won,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2080.85,
    "end": 2085.87,
    "text": "was this municipal market for the city of Concepción, won in 1940,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2085.87,
    "end": 2091.81,
    "text": "and it was going to be located one street away from the city's central square,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2091.95,
    "end": 2093.53,
    "text": "and it was a whole city block."
  },
  {
    "start": 2093.75,
    "end": 2097.37,
    "text": "And actually, there is a market now in ruins because it got burned,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2097.53,
    "end": 2102.59,
    "text": "and there are some projects to reconstruct it or retrofit it in some way or another."
  },
  {
    "start": 2103.03,
    "end": 2107.01,
    "text": "But it is a complex project. You could say there was a central nucleus,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2107.71,
    "end": 2114.23,
    "text": "an octagon, literally, andtwo-story wings that spanned from this octagon."
  },
  {
    "start": 2114.53,
    "end": 2119.13,
    "text": "And each of these wings was going to be devoted to different activities within the market."
  },
  {
    "start": 2119.41,
    "end": 2125.35,
    "text": "One for milk and animal produce, one for fish and seafood, another one for mid-related"
  },
  {
    "start": 2125.35,
    "end": 2129.09,
    "text": "products, and then a fourth one for wholesale products."
  },
  {
    "start": 2129.59,
    "end": 2134.89,
    "text": "And the central space was reserved for fruits and vegetables, the octagon proper."
  },
  {
    "start": 2135.11,
    "end": 2140.07,
    "text": "It's a very functionalist building in the sense that everything works very sectorized."
  },
  {
    "start": 2140.25,
    "end": 2146.23,
    "text": "And you could say that it is connected to his 1932 type project for a pedagogical"
  },
  {
    "start": 2146.23,
    "end": 2150.25,
    "text": "institute of technology that he did under another trust that was called the"
  },
  {
    "start": 2150.25,
    "end": 2151.77,
    "text": "Vustoy Project in Moscow."
  },
  {
    "start": 2152.15,
    "end": 2157.21,
    "text": "Because this project featured three wings with a semicircular auditorium set"
  },
  {
    "start": 2157.21,
    "end": 2159.51,
    "text": "before a Y-shape scheme."
  },
  {
    "start": 2159.51,
    "end": 2166.11,
    "text": "So the fact of having a central body and then having different volumes or pavilions"
  },
  {
    "start": 2166.11,
    "end": 2168.33,
    "text": "emerging from it is comparable."
  },
  {
    "start": 2168.69,
    "end": 2172.21,
    "text": "But then again, that's very functionalist in general. It's not particular to"
  },
  {
    "start": 2172.21,
    "end": 2176.61,
    "text": "what he designed. It's part of something that was happening at the time."
  },
  {
    "start": 2178.52,
    "end": 2183.56,
    "text": "He was connected to a group of students that were leading at that point in time,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2183.7,
    "end": 2188.54,
    "text": "in 1946, the reform of the oldest architectural school in the country,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2188.78,
    "end": 2190.2,
    "text": "of the University of Chile."
  },
  {
    "start": 2190.54,
    "end": 2196.4,
    "text": "So it was a student-led reform in which they were trying to reorganize the curriculum."
  },
  {
    "start": 2196.68,
    "end": 2202.34,
    "text": "And they were connected by a structural engineer, a fellow Hungarian that knew"
  },
  {
    "start": 2202.34,
    "end": 2204.4,
    "text": "Tibor Weiner and knew one of the students."
  },
  {
    "start": 2204.96,
    "end": 2208.56,
    "text": "And he said, well, I know somebody who has a lot of experience in education"
  },
  {
    "start": 2208.56,
    "end": 2209.88,
    "text": "and maybe he could give you a hand."
  },
  {
    "start": 2210.02,
    "end": 2214.46,
    "text": "And the rest is history because he really assessed them in building up a very"
  },
  {
    "start": 2214.46,
    "end": 2220.6,
    "text": "organized study program that took a lot from the last version of Hannes Meyer's"
  },
  {
    "start": 2220.6,
    "end": 2222.92,
    "text": "Bauhaus study program, the one that was not implemented."
  },
  {
    "start": 2223.18,
    "end": 2226.7,
    "text": "But a lot of the courses that he had taken as a student at the Bauhaus,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2226.86,
    "end": 2230.82,
    "text": "you can see them being replicated in the Chilean curriculum."
  },
  {
    "start": 2231.58,
    "end": 2236.76,
    "text": "If we look at the chart of subjects of the Chilean program, it was divided into two cycles."
  },
  {
    "start": 2237.1,
    "end": 2239.96,
    "text": "The first cycle went from first year to the middle of third year."
  },
  {
    "start": 2240.08,
    "end": 2241.46,
    "text": "It was called the analysis cycle."
  },
  {
    "start": 2241.7,
    "end": 2245.6,
    "text": "And the second cycle went from the middle of third year until the end of the"
  },
  {
    "start": 2245.6,
    "end": 2247.86,
    "text": "sixth year. It was called the synthesis cycle."
  },
  {
    "start": 2248.3,
    "end": 2252.92,
    "text": "After these two cycles of education were finished, students would move on to"
  },
  {
    "start": 2252.92,
    "end": 2254.78,
    "text": "do a final degree project."
  },
  {
    "start": 2254.86,
    "end": 2256.96,
    "text": "So it's a very long study period, right?"
  },
  {
    "start": 2257.48,
    "end": 2261.86,
    "text": "Becoming an architect would take seven to seven and a half years under this scheme."
  },
  {
    "start": 2262.97,
    "end": 2267.89,
    "text": "The two cycles, regardless whether it was the analysis or the synthesis cycle,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2268.31,
    "end": 2270.49,
    "text": "they were also sub-organized under blocks."
  },
  {
    "start": 2270.65,
    "end": 2275.75,
    "text": "And there was a philosophical block, a sociological block, a plastic block, and a technical block."
  },
  {
    "start": 2276.09,
    "end": 2280.65,
    "text": "So students, for example, in first year would study architectural analysis,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2281.17,
    "end": 2283.59,
    "text": "which was the core class of the first year."
  },
  {
    "start": 2283.79,
    "end": 2287.67,
    "text": "And then under the sociological block, they would have a class called biology and hygiene,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2288.05,
    "end": 2291.83,
    "text": "very similar to things that were being instructed at the Bauhaus at the time"
  },
  {
    "start": 2291.83,
    "end": 2298.09,
    "text": "and related to this idea of how biology and architecture are intrinsically connected"
  },
  {
    "start": 2298.09,
    "end": 2303.71,
    "text": "and the body in space needs to be understood from certain life premises, if you will."
  },
  {
    "start": 2303.93,
    "end": 2306.69,
    "text": "In the plastic block, they had classes that were called composition,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2306.91,
    "end": 2308.33,
    "text": "plastics, technical drawing."
  },
  {
    "start": 2308.57,
    "end": 2313.09,
    "text": "And in the technical block, they had more technical courses,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2313.29,
    "end": 2317.51,
    "text": "literally speaking, mathematics, descriptive geometry, technical physics,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2317.73,
    "end": 2322.55,
    "text": "and technology of materials. And the program advanced in its very detail."
  },
  {
    "start": 2322.71,
    "end": 2326.03,
    "text": "Second year in the sociological block, they had social economy, for instance."
  },
  {
    "start": 2326.37,
    "end": 2332.09,
    "text": "So it built up in that way. And I've seen how this overlaps with that last scheme"
  },
  {
    "start": 2332.09,
    "end": 2335.37,
    "text": "of a study program of Hannes Meyers Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 2335.53,
    "end": 2336.29,
    "text": "And clearly,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2337.09,
    "end": 2342.81,
    "text": "it's literal––even the name of the courses are the same. Not all of them, but many of them."
  },
  {
    "start": 2343.43,
    "end": 2347.91,
    "text": "Based on, that would be probably a precise way of describing it."
  },
  {
    "start": 2348.29,
    "end": 2352.53,
    "text": "Through Weiner, the architectural scene in Chile, not only in the University"
  },
  {
    "start": 2352.53,
    "end": 2357.77,
    "text": "of Chile, because this got broadcasted and it ended up influencing how architecture"
  },
  {
    "start": 2357.77,
    "end": 2360.37,
    "text": "was taught in the other school, in a way."
  },
  {
    "start": 2360.63,
    "end": 2362.77,
    "text": "And also, it had an effect on the region."
  },
  {
    "start": 2363.47,
    "end": 2368.47,
    "text": "Some of the courses had an effect on how architecture began to be taught in Peru, so on and so forth."
  },
  {
    "start": 2368.71,
    "end": 2372.75,
    "text": "So I would say that through Winer, the architectural scene in Chile was enriched"
  },
  {
    "start": 2372.75,
    "end": 2380.57,
    "text": "by the transmission of aspects, the emphasis on aspects, from a stage of the Bauhaus' culture."
  },
  {
    "start": 2381.27,
    "end": 2384.63,
    "text": "But what's interesting is that this is not only in terms of content,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2384.63,
    "end": 2389.61,
    "text": "that is one thing, but also in terms of social, cultural, and political agendas."
  },
  {
    "start": 2389.61,
    "end": 2393.23,
    "text": "The emphasis on the social, because you have to understand that these students"
  },
  {
    "start": 2393.23,
    "end": 2397.29,
    "text": "were trying to transition from a more Beaux-Arts way of being taught architecture"
  },
  {
    "start": 2397.29,
    "end": 2401.43,
    "text": "that had more to do with, you could say, in very general terms,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2401.65,
    "end": 2407.15,
    "text": "architecture as an art form and transition to something that was closer to the"
  },
  {
    "start": 2407.15,
    "end": 2411.03,
    "text": "real needs of a country like Chile by 1946."
  },
  {
    "start": 2411.63,
    "end": 2415.51,
    "text": "The need for housing for workers, the need for more hospitals,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2416.53,
    "end": 2419.33,
    "text": "you know, public infrastructures of those natures."
  },
  {
    "start": 2419.61,
    "end": 2424.85,
    "text": "So that's the background for their desire to reform the study program,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2425.21,
    "end": 2430.93,
    "text": "a situation that is more connected to the real needs of society at that point in time."
  },
  {
    "start": 2432.01,
    "end": 2436.95,
    "text": "To properly understand Tibor Weiner's situation in Chile, I asked Daniel Talesnik"
  },
  {
    "start": 2436.95,
    "end": 2440.91,
    "text": "to briefly share some background on the political atmosphere there at the time."
  },
  {
    "start": 2442.55,
    "end": 2448.91,
    "text": "He arrived during one of the three governments from the radical party, which is center-left."
  },
  {
    "start": 2449.11,
    "end": 2453.65,
    "text": "They're all slightly different in nature, but there is an emphasis on education."
  },
  {
    "start": 2453.65,
    "end": 2459.83,
    "text": "So he arrives during the first of these governments of the Partido Radical,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2460.09,
    "end": 2465.53,
    "text": "a president that was called Pedro Aguirre Cerda, who ruled between 1938 and 1941."
  },
  {
    "start": 2466.23,
    "end": 2472.07,
    "text": "He will be there throughout the presidency of the second of this radical––radical"
  },
  {
    "start": 2472.07,
    "end": 2477.25,
    "text": "as in the name of the party, not radical as in their attitude––presidents"
  },
  {
    "start": 2477.25,
    "end": 2480.63,
    "text": "called Juan Antonio Ríos, who ruled between 42 and 46,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2480.91,
    "end": 2485.15,
    "text": "and he will leave at the start, more or less, of the third of these presidencies"
  },
  {
    "start": 2485.15,
    "end": 2488.63,
    "text": "from the same party, a president called Gabriel González Videla."
  },
  {
    "start": 2489.03,
    "end": 2493.87,
    "text": "And he will turn things around because he wins with the support of the Communist"
  },
  {
    "start": 2493.87,
    "end": 2498.81,
    "text": "Party, but then he turns against them and bans the Communist Party."
  },
  {
    "start": 2498.81,
    "end": 2504.45,
    "text": "And the wife of Tibor Weiner, Judith Vadya, was a journalist that worked for"
  },
  {
    "start": 2504.45,
    "end": 2509.45,
    "text": "the communist newspaper––and he was in the mix also, in some capacity or another,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2509.67,
    "end": 2511.67,
    "text": "through friendships, through acquaintances."
  },
  {
    "start": 2512.01,
    "end": 2515.61,
    "text": "His social circle was all people connected to this."
  },
  {
    "start": 2516.07,
    "end": 2520.87,
    "text": "So they decided to leave. The party was proscribed a little bit afterwards they"
  },
  {
    "start": 2520.87,
    "end": 2525.03,
    "text": "left, if I remember the chronology correctly. but it was already in the air"
  },
  {
    "start": 2525.03,
    "end": 2529.49,
    "text": "that things were going to get complicated for people with communist allegiances."
  },
  {
    "start": 2531.06,
    "end": 2535.96,
    "text": "He doesn't leave Chile in a good predicament. So based on the letters,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2536.16,
    "end": 2540.44,
    "text": "I don't know how that played out towards the later stage of his life."
  },
  {
    "start": 2540.82,
    "end": 2546.8,
    "text": "But based on the letters that he's writing, as he's leaving Chile, he leaves embittered."
  },
  {
    "start": 2546.96,
    "end": 2548.24,
    "text": "And not only because of the political"
  },
  {
    "start": 2548.24,
    "end": 2554.04,
    "text": "situation, he had run also into complicated economical situation."
  },
  {
    "start": 2554.04,
    "end": 2558.84,
    "text": "He's left with some debts or unpaid work from an architect that he was partnered"
  },
  {
    "start": 2558.84,
    "end": 2563.4,
    "text": "with in the first stage. And then he works for real estate speculators,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2564.04,
    "end": 2568.0,
    "text": "let's say, designing buildings for constructors or so on."
  },
  {
    "start": 2568.22,
    "end": 2573.42,
    "text": "So he finds it very hard to make a living towards the last stage of his life in Chile."
  },
  {
    "start": 2574.82,
    "end": 2579.02,
    "text": "By then they had two daughters. There's a third daughter that will be born in"
  },
  {
    "start": 2579.02,
    "end": 2580.34,
    "text": "Hungary when they return."
  },
  {
    "start": 2580.9,
    "end": 2585.74,
    "text": "And you have to think that he's a person that has been on the run a couple of"
  },
  {
    "start": 2585.74,
    "end": 2588.68,
    "text": "times already and has encountered this type of situations."
  },
  {
    "start": 2589.56,
    "end": 2594.2,
    "text": "He leaves the Soviet Union in the nick of time before foreigners and his close"
  },
  {
    "start": 2594.2,
    "end": 2596.96,
    "text": "friends run into extremely complicated types of troubles."
  },
  {
    "start": 2597.4,
    "end": 2603.26,
    "text": "Several of them die in that period. Then he will leave France also in the 23rd"
  },
  {
    "start": 2603.26,
    "end": 2610.02,
    "text": "hour, very last minute, probably some of the last ships that can sail before the break of the war."
  },
  {
    "start": 2610.54,
    "end": 2614.78,
    "text": "And third time that he's under the same type of political pressure."
  },
  {
    "start": 2616.3,
    "end": 2621.44,
    "text": "In 1948, Tibor Weiner left Chile with his wife and two daughters to return"
  },
  {
    "start": 2621.44,
    "end": 2622.86,
    "text": "to his homeland, Hungary."
  },
  {
    "start": 2623.64,
    "end": 2627.82,
    "text": "In a letter to Pierre Forrestier, with whom he had worked in Paris in the late"
  },
  {
    "start": 2627.82,
    "end": 2633.44,
    "text": "1930s alongside Margarita Schütte-Lihotzky, he wrote: \"My time in Chile seems"
  },
  {
    "start": 2633.44,
    "end": 2639.16,
    "text": "like a nightmare to me, and I am glad to be on my way to Hungary.\" In"
  },
  {
    "start": 2639.16,
    "end": 2644.64,
    "text": "Hungary, a new chapter of his life began, opening up new professional prospects."
  },
  {
    "start": 2645.9,
    "end": 2650.8,
    "text": "As I've been told by the daughters, his parents died during the Second World"
  },
  {
    "start": 2650.8,
    "end": 2653.84,
    "text": "War, but his mother-in-law was still"
  },
  {
    "start": 2653.84,
    "end": 2658.84,
    "text": "alive in Hungary, so they decide to reconnect with his wife's mother."
  },
  {
    "start": 2659.7,
    "end": 2662.96,
    "text": "The moment he arrives, he becomes a member of the Communist Party,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2662.96,
    "end": 2666.7,
    "text": "and a lot of what will happen to him afterwards as a professional architect"
  },
  {
    "start": 2666.7,
    "end": 2667.8,
    "text": "will have to do with that."
  },
  {
    "start": 2667.8,
    "end": 2670.78,
    "text": "Eventually he wins the head of a team that wins"
  },
  {
    "start": 2670.78,
    "end": 2674.54,
    "text": "the master plan for a city that was originally called Sztálinváros"
  },
  {
    "start": 2674.54,
    "end": 2680.28,
    "text": "which is now called Dunaújváros which is connected to a steelworks in Hungary"
  },
  {
    "start": 2680.28,
    "end": 2684.68,
    "text": "which is completely crazy also because all of the natural resources that are"
  },
  {
    "start": 2684.68,
    "end": 2690.1,
    "text": "needed to produce steel are not there everything travels by boat that's why"
  },
  {
    "start": 2690.1,
    "end": 2694.14,
    "text": "it's by the Donau [Danube] and they win this competition at some point,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2694.3,
    "end": 2697.28,
    "text": "and the city is renamed Dunaújváros in 1961,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2697.58,
    "end": 2699.56,
    "text": "and it's 70 kilometers from Budapest."
  },
  {
    "start": 2699.76,
    "end": 2704.28,
    "text": "And it's the most important project of the post-war five-year plans of Hungary."
  },
  {
    "start": 2705.2,
    "end": 2711.16,
    "text": "Hungary's first five-year plan runs from 1950 to 54, if you count 1950's five years."
  },
  {
    "start": 2711.46,
    "end": 2716.92,
    "text": "But he does this urban planning, and that competition begins being executed in 1950."
  },
  {
    "start": 2717.34,
    "end": 2720.84,
    "text": "So it's to house the workers for the steelworks."
  },
  {
    "start": 2722.02,
    "end": 2727.24,
    "text": "According to people that study him in more detail for his Hungarian last stage,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2727.42,
    "end": 2731.86,
    "text": "he couldn't design necessarily what he wanted to or didn't have the type of"
  },
  {
    "start": 2731.86,
    "end": 2733.46,
    "text": "opportunities that he wanted to."
  },
  {
    "start": 2734.14,
    "end": 2738.08,
    "text": "But eventually, this master plan is a very big deal, although he does build"
  },
  {
    "start": 2738.08,
    "end": 2741.26,
    "text": "the headquarters of the Communist Party in the main square of the town,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2741.62,
    "end": 2746.02,
    "text": "and it's a socialist, realist building that, according to his daughters,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2746.38,
    "end": 2751.66,
    "text": "he was not proud of and won him some sort of very important prize also."
  },
  {
    "start": 2752.02,
    "end": 2755.46,
    "text": "But he had a very fruitful life as an educator again."
  },
  {
    "start": 2755.68,
    "end": 2760.32,
    "text": "Through documents that I found, he was very important in some sort of postgraduate"
  },
  {
    "start": 2760.32,
    "end": 2765.62,
    "text": "program. And he developed ideas for prefabricated architecture."
  },
  {
    "start": 2766.24,
    "end": 2769.52,
    "text": "Someone in Hungary has done in-depth analysis of that."
  },
  {
    "start": 2769.7,
    "end": 2774.58,
    "text": "And as I edit my manuscript, I'm quoting the research of our colleague in Hungary."
  },
  {
    "start": 2775.34,
    "end": 2779.82,
    "text": "And he becomes involved in the city administration of the city of Dunaújváros"
  },
  {
    "start": 2779.82,
    "end": 2782.98,
    "text": "also became some sort of city architect."
  },
  {
    "start": 2784.38,
    "end": 2790.1,
    "text": "Architecture is what allowed him to survive because it's non-verbal language, you could say."
  },
  {
    "start": 2790.38,
    "end": 2798.46,
    "text": "You can work as an architect in different circumstances without necessarily being from the place."
  },
  {
    "start": 2798.74,
    "end": 2802.8,
    "text": "The fact that they could go to the Soviet Union and start working on drawings"
  },
  {
    "start": 2802.8,
    "end": 2806.4,
    "text": "and designing things and that then he shows up in a place like Chile and he"
  },
  {
    "start": 2806.4,
    "end": 2808.34,
    "text": "can do the same and collaborate."
  },
  {
    "start": 2808.34,
    "end": 2811.76,
    "text": "And it's understood that at the beginning he didn't speak a word of Spanish"
  },
  {
    "start": 2811.76,
    "end": 2817.42,
    "text": "so that's another dimension of their story it's kind of what moved them around"
  },
  {
    "start": 2817.42,
    "end": 2821.9,
    "text": "in this case in particular some sort of course of disillusionment but also what"
  },
  {
    "start": 2821.9,
    "end": 2824.26,
    "text": "in some capacity allowed him to survive."
  },
  {
    "start": 2825.91,
    "end": 2829.75,
    "text": "This would have been a perfect end for this podcast episode about Tibor Weiner"
  },
  {
    "start": 2829.75,
    "end": 2831.51,
    "text": "in and of itself, don't you think?"
  },
  {
    "start": 2832.03,
    "end": 2836.97,
    "text": "But in the end, Daniel again stressed how important Hannes Meyer was for this"
  },
  {
    "start": 2836.97,
    "end": 2841.07,
    "text": "group, the Red Bauhaus Brigade, and that there had been others too."
  },
  {
    "start": 2841.69,
    "end": 2846.17,
    "text": "So, we talked a little more about Daniel's research and the striking findings"
  },
  {
    "start": 2846.17,
    "end": 2848.03,
    "text": "regarding other members of the brigade,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2848.41,
    "end": 2852.75,
    "text": "Bauhaus students who, like Tibor Weiner, had followed Meyer to the Soviet"
  },
  {
    "start": 2852.75,
    "end": 2856.93,
    "text": "Union and then went their separate ways, pursuing their own careers,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2857.29,
    "end": 2860.19,
    "text": "sometimes in the most remote corners of the world."
  },
  {
    "start": 2861.45,
    "end": 2865.63,
    "text": "Hannes Meyer never stops being a protagonist for this group of people."
  },
  {
    "start": 2865.81,
    "end": 2871.07,
    "text": "And it's impossible to tell their story without emphasizing Meyer."
  },
  {
    "start": 2871.31,
    "end": 2875.19,
    "text": "But eventually, Meyer is left behind and they have their own careers."
  },
  {
    "start": 2875.45,
    "end": 2879.43,
    "text": "And people like Tolziner, Konrad Püschel, or René Mensch,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2879.93,
    "end": 2884.49,
    "text": "and Weiner in particular, will continue to be connected to what they learned"
  },
  {
    "start": 2884.49,
    "end": 2889.21,
    "text": "in the Bauhaus, but also have careers of their own doing things that are less"
  },
  {
    "start": 2889.21,
    "end": 2891.25,
    "text": "connected to where they studied."
  },
  {
    "start": 2892.25,
    "end": 2897.37,
    "text": "The glue is Tolziner. He's the one that tries to reconstruct the story of the brigade."
  },
  {
    "start": 2897.79,
    "end": 2902.53,
    "text": "So in his archive, you find his efforts to reconnect with all of them."
  },
  {
    "start": 2902.77,
    "end": 2906.85,
    "text": "And he's the one that has news from the rest. But it's an archive that's full"
  },
  {
    "start": 2906.85,
    "end": 2909.37,
    "text": "of duplicates or triplicates, we should say."
  },
  {
    "start": 2911.15,
    "end": 2917.19,
    "text": "In my research, I make the distinction between what I'm calling the third migration,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2917.75,
    "end": 2921.85,
    "text": "which are architects not only from the Bauhaus, but a lot of them from the Bauhaus"
  },
  {
    "start": 2921.85,
    "end": 2927.11,
    "text": "that at some point go to the Soviet Union and eventually get displaced to the"
  },
  {
    "start": 2927.11,
    "end": 2930.01,
    "text": "most faraway places in the map of the world."
  },
  {
    "start": 2930.31,
    "end": 2934.43,
    "text": "And then there's a tendency that they reconvene in Europe after the war."
  },
  {
    "start": 2934.43,
    "end": 2938.35,
    "text": "So they have different stages, and many of them are associated,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2938.47,
    "end": 2940.95,
    "text": "if not the Communist Party, to left-wing ideas."
  },
  {
    "start": 2941.15,
    "end": 2944.49,
    "text": "And that has a lot to do also to why they move and why they travel."
  },
  {
    "start": 2944.75,
    "end": 2948.47,
    "text": "You should add in cases like Weiner, the fact that he was Jewish extraction,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2948.77,
    "end": 2953.43,
    "text": "and there was that in the mix, and his desire to leave Europe in 1939, of course."
  },
  {
    "start": 2954.07,
    "end": 2960.73,
    "text": "But I make the point that they're very different from the Bauhaus that ends up in the United States: Gropius"
  },
  {
    "start": 2960.73,
    "end": 2966.95,
    "text": "in Harvard and Mies in IIT there's a whole very official legacy to their"
  },
  {
    "start": 2966.95,
    "end": 2972.39,
    "text": "stories. These stories are way more scattered there's way more gluing to do."
  },
  {
    "start": 2974.0,
    "end": 2977.78,
    "text": "Today, the traces of Bauhaus architect Tibor Weiner are scattered,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2978.3,
    "end": 2981.88,
    "text": "held partly in the archive of the Architecture Museum in Budapest,"
  },
  {
    "start": 2982.08,
    "end": 2986.88,
    "text": "the Mai Magyar Építészet, and partly preserved by his daughters."
  },
  {
    "start": 2987.82,
    "end": 2992.74,
    "text": "Through his estate and through the remarkably concise estate that Philipp Tolziner"
  },
  {
    "start": 2992.74,
    "end": 2997.96,
    "text": "left to the Bauhaus Archive in Berlin, Daniel Talesnik was able to piece together Weiner's life."
  },
  {
    "start": 2998.44,
    "end": 3004.0,
    "text": "What he and a wider circle of art and architectural historians have uncovered"
  },
  {
    "start": 3004.0,
    "end": 3005.6,
    "text": "is nothing short of extraordinary."
  },
  {
    "start": 3005.94,
    "end": 3011.56,
    "text": "The story of those Bauhäuslers who sought to continue the ideals of new building"
  },
  {
    "start": 3011.56,
    "end": 3017.46,
    "text": "in the Soviet Union when building as a modern architect was about to come to a halt in Germany."
  },
  {
    "start": 3017.98,
    "end": 3022.24,
    "text": "In places like Orsk, they scaled up their ambitions dramatically,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3022.66,
    "end": 3029.48,
    "text": "designing vast housing complexes for 1,000 to 3,000 people––a far cry from the"
  },
  {
    "start": 3029.48,
    "end": 3033.88,
    "text": "more intimate experiments of the Dessau-Törten houses with balcony access that"
  },
  {
    "start": 3033.88,
    "end": 3035.8,
    "text": "they had planned and built at the Bauhaus."
  },
  {
    "start": 3036.52,
    "end": 3041.48,
    "text": "But as history turned under Stalin's tightening grip, not all of them made it through."
  },
  {
    "start": 3042.11,
    "end": 3047.51,
    "text": "The years of the so-called Great Purge, set off by the start of the Moscow show"
  },
  {
    "start": 3047.51,
    "end": 3050.67,
    "text": "trials of 1936, claimed many lives."
  },
  {
    "start": 3051.17,
    "end": 3056.77,
    "text": "Yet, a few managed to escape in time, carrying their ideas across borders and"
  },
  {
    "start": 3056.77,
    "end": 3061.57,
    "text": "forging new paths as architects in a world that had irrevocably changed."
  },
  {
    "start": 3062.33,
    "end": 3067.59,
    "text": "I will link two essential publications in the show notes that deepen this story even further."
  },
  {
    "start": 3068.29,
    "end": 3072.37,
    "text": "First, Tatjana Efrussi's recent book \"Hannes Meyer: Soviet Architect."
  },
  {
    "start": 3072.69,
    "end": 3076.45,
    "text": "Life and Work in the USSR, 1930-1936.\""
  },
  {
    "start": 3077.13,
    "end": 3081.57,
    "text": "Long-time listeners might recognize Tatjana from part two of my episode on Hannes"
  },
  {
    "start": 3081.57,
    "end": 3086.59,
    "text": "Meyer, and if you haven't heard it yet, it's well worth a revisit on Bauhaus' faces."
  },
  {
    "start": 3086.99,
    "end": 3091.71,
    "text": "In her work, she brings to life the realities of communal living of the Red"
  },
  {
    "start": 3091.71,
    "end": 3096.21,
    "text": "Bauhaus Brigade at Arbat Square, the shifting political climate of the Soviet"
  },
  {
    "start": 3096.21,
    "end": 3099.29,
    "text": "Union and the looming shadow of the show trials."
  },
  {
    "start": 3099.99,
    "end": 3105.47,
    "text": "Secondly, I want to highlight the extensive and deeply committed research of Astrid Volpert."
  },
  {
    "start": 3105.87,
    "end": 3111.23,
    "text": "In many ways, her work laid the ground for scholars like Tatjana Efrussi and Daniel Talesnik."
  },
  {
    "start": 3111.91,
    "end": 3116.59,
    "text": "Volpert was among the first art historians to travel to Russia after the end"
  },
  {
    "start": 3116.59,
    "end": 3121.15,
    "text": "of the Soviet Union in 1991, digging not only into German archives,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3121.37,
    "end": 3123.87,
    "text": "but Russian ones as well, as far as possible."
  },
  {
    "start": 3124.61,
    "end": 3128.95,
    "text": "In a 2019 article for the Bauhaus Imaginista online journal,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3129.27,
    "end": 3133.69,
    "text": "she had already traced the paths of 62 former Bauhäuslers,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3134.15,
    "end": 3139.05,
    "text": "students, teachers, and administrative staff, including figures like the Bauhaus"
  },
  {
    "start": 3139.05,
    "end": 3143.25,
    "text": "secretary Margarete Mengel, who had all made their way to the Soviet Union."
  },
  {
    "start": 3143.93,
    "end": 3147.33,
    "text": "Painters, graphic designers, architects, photographers, weavers,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3147.55,
    "end": 3153.63,
    "text": "an international constellation spanning 11 nations, 15 women, 47 men."
  },
  {
    "start": 3154.33,
    "end": 3160.23,
    "text": "21 were members of the Communist Party and 18 went to obtain citizenship in the host country."
  },
  {
    "start": 3161.17,
    "end": 3165.93,
    "text": "I would like to thank Daniel Talesnik for readily sharing his in-depth research"
  },
  {
    "start": 3165.93,
    "end": 3170.53,
    "text": "about Tibor Weiner, his involvement in the Red Bauhaus Brigade and their lasting"
  },
  {
    "start": 3170.53,
    "end": 3172.99,
    "text": "loyalty to their former teacher Hannes Meyer."
  },
  {
    "start": 3173.85,
    "end": 3177.75,
    "text": "During our interview, so many new connections have formed in my mind,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3177.91,
    "end": 3181.35,
    "text": "leading to new insights for which I am infinitely grateful."
  },
  {
    "start": 3181.83,
    "end": 3185.57,
    "text": "Not least because I am currently working on a publication and an exhibition"
  },
  {
    "start": 3185.57,
    "end": 3190.37,
    "text": "about those Bauhäuslers who were involved in the design, construction and equipment"
  },
  {
    "start": 3190.37,
    "end": 3192.65,
    "text": "of the ADGB Trade Union School in Bernau."
  },
  {
    "start": 3192.91,
    "end": 3197.03,
    "text": "The very school that was designed and built during Meyer's directorship,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3197.25,
    "end": 3201.57,
    "text": "1928-30, and in which numerous students were involved."
  },
  {
    "start": 3201.57,
    "end": 3208.65,
    "text": "And yes, Philipp Tolziner, Antonin Urban, Konrad Püschel and Tibor Weiner were among them."
  },
  {
    "start": 3209.41,
    "end": 3214.93,
    "text": "If you'd like to explore this topic further, there's more to listen to on \"bauhaus faces.\""
  },
  {
    "start": 3215.21,
    "end": 3220.17,
    "text": "Don't miss my episode on Léna Meyer-Bergner featuring conversations with Viridiana"
  },
  {
    "start": 3220.17,
    "end": 3222.45,
    "text": "Zavala and Sandra Neugärtner."
  },
  {
    "start": 3222.91,
    "end": 3227.79,
    "text": "Meyer-Bergner went to Moscow and headed a whole weaving factory there before"
  },
  {
    "start": 3227.79,
    "end": 3232.95,
    "text": "emigrating to Mexico, where she produced remarkable work under entirely new conditions."
  },
  {
    "start": 3233.65,
    "end": 3240.21,
    "text": "Hers is a story just as compelling, shaped by movement, reinvention and multiple departures."
  },
  {
    "start": 3240.73,
    "end": 3245.79,
    "text": "And keep an eye out for that upcoming bonus episode, where we will turn to three"
  },
  {
    "start": 3245.79,
    "end": 3249.43,
    "text": "other members of the so-called Red Bauhaus Brigade, Philipp Tolziner,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3249.61,
    "end": 3251.15,
    "text": "Konrad Püschel and René Mensch."
  },
  {
    "start": 3251.65,
    "end": 3256.69,
    "text": "Their stories, too, open up new perspectives on what it meant to carry the Bauhaus"
  },
  {
    "start": 3256.69,
    "end": 3259.69,
    "text": "across borders and into uncertain futures."
  },
  {
    "start": 3260.39,
    "end": 3264.71,
    "text": "If you liked this episode or any other episode of \"bauhaus faces\","
  },
  {
    "start": 3264.95,
    "end": 3269.05,
    "text": "as always, please don't forget to subscribe on Apple Podcasts,"
  },
  {
    "start": 3269.11,
    "end": 3273.35,
    "text": "Spotify or YouTube and to recommend it to friends, family and colleagues who"
  },
  {
    "start": 3273.35,
    "end": 3274.31,
    "text": "might be interested too."
  },
  {
    "start": 3274.63,
    "end": 3279.07,
    "text": "And don't forget to subscribe to my podcast newsletter on BauhausFaces.com to"
  },
  {
    "start": 3279.07,
    "end": 3281.79,
    "text": "stay up to date about new episodes of \"bauhaus faces\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 3282.01,
    "end": 3286.77,
    "text": "It will immediately pop up once you enter the website. You can also follow the"
  },
  {
    "start": 3286.77,
    "end": 3290.61,
    "text": "podcast on Instagram via the handle at \"bauhaus faces\" Podcast."
  },
  {
    "start": 3291.81,
    "end": 3298.81,
    "text": "And now, there's nothing left to say but tune in next time for a new episode of \"bauhaus faces\"."
  }
]