[
  {
    "start": 6.14,
    "end": 10.08,
    "text": "In two thousand and three I was traveling in southern Africa for the first time."
  },
  {
    "start": 10.379,
    "end": 13.42,
    "text": "I drove into The famous Kruger National Park, in a rental car."
  },
  {
    "start": 13.899,
    "end": 16.62,
    "text": "after just Three hundred meters on the left side of the road."
  },
  {
    "start": 16.84,
    "end": 18.24,
    "text": "i can still remember it exactly."
  },
  {
    "start": 18.44,
    "end": 24.88,
    "text": "there stood an impala antelope my very First wildlife sighting in africa ever Impala."
  },
  {
    "start": 24.98,
    "end": 29.22,
    "text": "you see them so often On safari that at some point You don't even really look At them anymore?"
  },
  {
    "start": 30.62,
    "end": 31.54,
    "text": "I am the safari guide."
  },
  {
    "start": 32.54,
    "end": 33.28,
    "text": "My name is frank."
  },
  {
    "start": 33.519,
    "end": 35.08,
    "text": "today i'm talking about the impala."
  },
  {
    "start": 36.18,
    "end": 43.28,
    "text": "Strictly speaking, the impala is its own genus and within it there's only one living species today – The Impala itself."
  },
  {
    "start": 44.3,
    "end": 50.0,
    "text": "And with this species a distinction was made between two subspecies–the common impala and black-faced impala."
  },
  {
    "start": 51.16,
    "end": 53.98,
    "text": "These subspecities emerged due to geographical separation."
  },
  {
    "start": 54.76,
    "end": 58.56,
    "text": "Over long periods of time animals adapted into different habitats."
  },
  {
    "start": 59.02,
    "end": 62.44,
    "text": "This resulted in small differences in appearance especially in coloration."
  },
  {
    "start": 63.38,
    "end": 65.22,
    "text": "Nevertheless they are not separate species."
  },
  {
    "start": 65.8,
    "end": 68.38,
    "text": "They can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring."
  },
  {
    "start": 69.6,
    "end": 77.96,
    "text": "The common impala is widely distributed in southern and eastern Africa, the black-faced Impala is found primarily in northern Namibia and southwestern Angola."
  },
  {
    "start": 78.3,
    "end": 85.62,
    "text": "it Can be recognized by the black stripe along the bridge of the nose dark spots under the eyes And more black on the tips of the ears."
  },
  {
    "start": 86.54,
    "end": 92.72,
    "text": "It appears darker overall also somewhat larger and heavier and it has a bushier tail With a white underside."
  },
  {
    "start": 93.9,
    "end": 99.3,
    "text": "Yes, to keep things clear in this episode I will simply refer it as the Impala from now on."
  },
  {
    "start": 100.04,
    "end": 104.08,
    "text": "Today this refers to common impala and that is also most common one."
  },
  {
    "start": 105.6,
    "end": 107.5,
    "text": "The Impala lives a world full of enemies."
  },
  {
    "start": 108.3,
    "end": 118.22,
    "text": "It must be constantly vigilant Eating drinking fleeing fighting grooming communicating and reproducing And does all these with incredible elegance!"
  },
  {
    "start": 119.62,
    "end": 122.6,
    "text": "The Impalas has very beautiful reddish brown coat."
  },
  {
    "start": 123.6,
    "end": 127.12,
    "text": "On the back it is darker and more intensely colored, almost chestnut brown."
  },
  {
    "start": 128.019,
    "end": 133.96,
    "text": "On the sides the colors become lighter – more yellowish-brown–and towards the bottom it transitions into a clear white."
  },
  {
    "start": 134.38,
    "end": 138.78,
    "text": "The belly, chest, throat & chin as well as inside of legs are light to white."
  },
  {
    "start": 139.64,
    "end": 145.68,
    "text": "You can also see light areas around eyes and on lips The markings in the hindquarters particularly striking."
  },
  {
    "start": 146.08,
    "end": 147.98,
    "text": "There black stripes sit on a light background."
  },
  {
    "start": 149.04,
    "end": 154.16,
    "text": "The tail also bears a black line, and above the hooves on their hind legs there are tufts of black hair."
  },
  {
    "start": 155.44,
    "end": 159.84,
    "text": "I find the animal's overall coloration really beautiful –and it is also useful!"
  },
  {
    "start": 160.48,
    "end": 162.12,
    "text": "Darker on top, lighter at bottom…."
  },
  {
    "start": 162.78,
    "end": 164.14,
    "text": "this is called countershading."
  },
  {
    "start": 165.2,
    "end": 170.4,
    "text": "When light falls from above ,the upper side of her body is normally lighter & underside darker."
  },
  {
    "start": 170.86,
    "end": 176.94,
    "text": "With the Impala its exactly opposite which makes the animal appear flatter to predator less three-dimensional."
  },
  {
    "start": 177.8,
    "end": 180.86,
    "text": "So camouflage doesn't always mean being green like a bush."
  },
  {
    "start": 181.76,
    "end": 184.46,
    "text": "Camouflage can also mean manipulating light and shadow."
  },
  {
    "start": 185.64,
    "end": 189.3,
    "text": "And another thing, on cool mornings the fur looks duller and darker."
  },
  {
    "start": 189.74,
    "end": 191.32,
    "text": "The impalas then raise their hair."
  },
  {
    "start": 191.92,
    "end": 193.32,
    "text": "This is called pylorection."
  },
  {
    "start": 194.14,
    "end": 195.94,
    "text": "You can compare that to our goose bumps."
  },
  {
    "start": 196.84,
    "end": 200.08,
    "text": "Between raised hairs an insulating layer of air is created."
  },
  {
    "start": 200.44,
    "end": 202.28,
    "text": "It's warmed by animals own body."
  },
  {
    "start": 202.74,
    "end": 210.2,
    "text": "so an impala look different in morning than it does at noon Not just because of the light, but also because its own reaction to the cold."
  },
  {
    "start": 211.5,
    "end": 214.12,
    "text": "And how do I distinguish between females and males?"
  },
  {
    "start": 215.12,
    "end": 217.44,
    "text": "Yes quite simply only the males have horns."
  },
  {
    "start": 218.18,
    "end": 219.14,
    "text": "they are liar-shaped."
  },
  {
    "start": 219.6,
    "end": 225.92,
    "text": "in The lower area They are heavily ridged and they tapered to a point at the top and on a fully grown ram."
  },
  {
    "start": 226.2,
    "end": 229.38,
    "text": "they grow To be between fifty and seventy five centimeters long."
  },
  {
    "start": 230.6,
    "end": 241.38,
    "text": "Females weigh about forty to fifty kilograms, males a bit more around sixty-five to seventy five kilograms and the shoulder height is between seventy-five and ninety centimeters."
  },
  {
    "start": 242.72,
    "end": 245.56,
    "text": "The black lines on the hindquarters are particularly striking."
  },
  {
    "start": 246.18,
    "end": 250.36,
    "text": "they're immediately noticeable from behind Black lines on white background."
  },
  {
    "start": 251.56,
    "end": 255.82,
    "text": "It's assumed that these stripes follow me signal sign for other common impala."
  },
  {
    "start": 257.419,
    "end": 265.099,
    "text": "When a herd flees, meaning when chaos ensues these conspicuous markings help them to follow the others and that can be vital for survival."
  },
  {
    "start": 266.08,
    "end": 272.119,
    "text": "A single common impala is easy for a predator to catch but an animal in the middle of a fleeing herd is much harder."
  },
  {
    "start": 273.239,
    "end": 278.179,
    "text": "And with that we have arrived at the central theme In The Life Of An Common Impala Safety!"
  },
  {
    "start": 279.34,
    "end": 288.4,
    "text": "Common Impalas Live In A World Full Of Predators lions, leopards cheetahs wild dogs spotted hyenas jackals caracals pythons and crocodiles."
  },
  {
    "start": 289.359,
    "end": 292.719,
    "text": "For young lambs even large birds of prey and baboons are a danger."
  },
  {
    "start": 293.119,
    "end": 296.26,
    "text": "in Kruger national park the impala is particularly numerous."
  },
  {
    "start": 296.78,
    "end": 302.32,
    "text": "it Is a constantly available food source for predators And therefore vigilance is vital for survival."
  },
  {
    "start": 302.82,
    "end": 306.979,
    "text": "and The Impala has large ears and hears very well and It has very good eyes."
  },
  {
    "start": 307.739,
    "end": 313.679,
    "text": "They are on the sides of its head giving it a very wide field of vision and it has a keen sense of smell."
  },
  {
    "start": 314.84,
    "end": 320.679,
    "text": "When the herd is feeding, almost always some animal has its head up... ...some are grazing while another is watching!"
  },
  {
    "start": 321.659,
    "end": 323.46,
    "text": "And then this animal lowers its head…."
  },
  {
    "start": 323.659,
    "end": 325.119,
    "text": "…and another one lifts his own."
  },
  {
    "start": 326.059,
    "end": 335.34,
    "text": "Many eyes simply see more….many ears hear more and yes many noses smell more.. ..when an impala notices something suspicious It lets out loud nasal snort."
  },
  {
    "start": 336.2,
    "end": 340.38,
    "text": "This is an alarm signal for the whole herd and all heads go up, All ears are pricked."
  },
  {
    "start": 340.58,
    "end": 342.64,
    "text": "And for a moment everything stands still!"
  },
  {
    "start": 344.039,
    "end": 347.559,
    "text": "When danger gets too close The herd literally explodes."
  },
  {
    "start": 348.76,
    "end": 351.799,
    "text": "An impala can reach up to sixty kilometers while fleeing."
  },
  {
    "start": 352.14,
    "end": 357.58,
    "text": "On top of that it makes massive leaps Up three meters high and up twelve meters long."
  },
  {
    "start": 358.479,
    "end": 359.719,
    "text": "It dodges at lightning speed."
  },
  {
    "start": 360.179,
    "end": 362.219,
    "text": "Six eggs also jumps over obstacles."
  },
  {
    "start": 362.599,
    "end": 368.059,
    "text": "When a herd is surprised from short distance, sudden confusion of leaps and changes in direction ensues."
  },
  {
    "start": 368.739,
    "end": 370.799,
    "text": "For predator that's really difficult!"
  },
  {
    "start": 371.26,
    "end": 373.64,
    "text": "It has to select the single target... ...and stick with it."
  },
  {
    "start": 374.479,
    "end": 378.039,
    "text": "And that becomes difficult when bodies are leaping in all directions everywhere."
  },
  {
    "start": 378.46,
    "end": 382.679,
    "text": "The escape is fast and chaotic.. ..and precisely this chaos can save lives."
  },
  {
    "start": 384.4,
    "end": 385.659,
    "text": "What does an impala feed on?"
  },
  {
    "start": 386.599,
    "end": 387.76,
    "text": "Impalas are mixed feeders."
  },
  {
    "start": 388.479,
    "end": 389.96,
    "text": "That means they eat grass & leaves."
  },
  {
    "start": 391.159,
    "end": 392.52,
    "text": "One reason for their success."
  },
  {
    "start": 393.359,
    "end": 397.44,
    "text": "Many antelopes are more specialized, either pure grazers or pure browsers."
  },
  {
    "start": 397.739,
    "end": 398.679,
    "text": "The impala can do both."
  },
  {
    "start": 399.76,
    "end": 406.78,
    "text": "Grass especially short green grass leaves from trees and shrubs also flowers fruits acacia pods herbs And even succulents."
  },
  {
    "start": 407.44,
    "end": 408.659,
    "text": "all of this is on their menu."
  },
  {
    "start": 409.859,
    "end": 412.239,
    "text": "In the summer when fresh grass is rich in protein."
  },
  {
    "start": 412.419,
    "end": 413.099,
    "text": "They graze more."
  },
  {
    "start": 413.44,
    "end": 415.239,
    "text": "in the winter they eat more leaves."
  },
  {
    "start": 415.64,
    "end": 420.099,
    "text": "an animal that can only use one food source Is heavily dependent on specific conditions?"
  },
  {
    "start": 420.9,
    "end": 422.58,
    "text": "The common impala has adapted and eats."
  },
  {
    "start": 422.659,
    "end": 428.659,
    "text": "both Impalas prefer open savanna landscapes with trees and bushes."
  },
  {
    "start": 429.659,
    "end": 432.58,
    "text": "They move through habitats, with many ticks in parasites."
  },
  {
    "start": 433.159,
    "end": 437.299,
    "text": "For an animal of this size blood loss due to ticks can be a serious health issue."
  },
  {
    "start": 438.119,
    "end": 441.559,
    "text": "So common impala do something about it And they so very extensively."
  },
  {
    "start": 442.039,
    "end": 444.859,
    "text": "They spend more time grooming than any other antelope."
  },
  {
    "start": 445.679,
    "end": 448.659,
    "text": "When grooming the use their lower incisors like a comb."
  },
  {
    "start": 449.02,
    "end": 456.94,
    "text": "The run them thru there fur To remove dirt, ticks or other parasite And that is one of the reasons why impalas look so well groomed."
  },
  {
    "start": 457.359,
    "end": 459.539,
    "text": "Their coat is shiny and really beautiful!"
  },
  {
    "start": 460.38,
    "end": 471.039,
    "text": "The coat is a sign of intensive hygiene, and this hygiene is vital for survival because ticks are not just annoying they can cause blood loss transmit diseases... ...and thus weaken an animal."
  },
  {
    "start": 472.299,
    "end": 477.539,
    "text": "They have hard time reaching their own head neck & nape.. ..that's where mutual grooming helps."
  },
  {
    "start": 478.419,
    "end": 481.239,
    "text": "One impala grooms another and the grooming is reciprocated."
  },
  {
    "start": 483.2,
    "end": 488.679,
    "text": "Now let's move on to the topic of The Rut, which is particularly fascinating in this antelope."
  },
  {
    "start": 489.059,
    "end": 491.28,
    "text": "Impalas have a short intense mating season."
  },
  {
    "start": 492.2,
    "end": 496.52,
    "text": "In the Kruger National Park for example... ...the peak isn't May – when winter begins…."
  },
  {
    "start": 496.82,
    "end": 505.119,
    "text": "…the trigger is change-in day length As days get shorter.. ..the testosterone levels in males rise and bachelor herds then break up."
  },
  {
    "start": 505.7,
    "end": 506.9,
    "text": "Bucks become more aggressive."
  },
  {
    "start": 507.26,
    "end": 510.46,
    "text": "They call they fight and begin establish territories."
  },
  {
    "start": 511.419,
    "end": 518.78,
    "text": "A territorial buck wants to hold a good territory with food and access to water, because that is exactly what attracts females."
  },
  {
    "start": 519.72,
    "end": 522.64,
    "text": "He also marks his territory with urine and dung on middens."
  },
  {
    "start": 523.62,
    "end": 528.459,
    "text": "This is the kind of information center Because females also deposit their dung pellets there."
  },
  {
    "start": 529.72,
    "end": 533.04,
    "text": "In addition The buck rubs its forehead against grass and branches."
  },
  {
    "start": 534.04,
    "end": 535.699,
    "text": "That's where scent glands are located."
  },
  {
    "start": 535.86,
    "end": 540.78,
    "text": "These are used for marking The bug patrols."
  },
  {
    "start": 540.88,
    "end": 544.24,
    "text": "He roars, he snorts and threatens... ...and he chases away intruders!"
  },
  {
    "start": 545.26,
    "end": 546.459,
    "text": "This roaring can be truly"
  },
  {
    "start": 546.54,
    "end": 547.06,
    "text": "impressive!\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 547.92,
    "end": 550.52,
    "text": "When I heard the roar of an Impala Bug for first time…."
  },
  {
    "start": 550.8,
    "end": 551.6,
    "text": "…I thought a lion was"
  },
  {
    "start": 551.68,
    "end": 552.04,
    "text": "nearby.\"."
  },
  {
    "start": 553.079,
    "end": 554.1,
    "text": "Here is sound recording."
  },
  {
    "start": 564.52,
    "end": 569.12,
    "text": "When you hear that specific distinct sound echoing through the space, it is not just random noise."
  },
  {
    "start": 569.3,
    "end": 578.459,
    "text": "It carries a very clear and intentional message... ...it's a signal designed to cut through silence effectively communicating a simple yet profound statement to anyone within earshot."
  },
  {
    "start": 578.6,
    "end": 585.64,
    "text": "Essentially The Sound is way of saying I am here serving as reliable beacon of presence That lets know exactly where someone located."
  },
  {
    "start": 585.72,
    "end": 586.62,
    "text": "at this moment."
  },
  {
    "start": 587.16,
    "end": 588.12,
    "text": "This is my territory."
  },
  {
    "start": 588.579,
    "end": 592.579,
    "text": "You stay away And there are also often fierce fighting among them."
  },
  {
    "start": 593.48,
    "end": 595.62,
    "text": "Bugs lock their horns and push against each other."
  },
  {
    "start": 596.86,
    "end": 606.16,
    "text": "The ridges on the horns prevent them from slipping, And the forehead neck and shoulders are also protected by thickened skin... ...and yet fights can become dangerous."
  },
  {
    "start": 607.06,
    "end": 611.9,
    "text": "In some cases they even end fatally But most of the time the fights are short."
  },
  {
    "start": 612.86,
    "end": 614.959,
    "text": "Often it is more of a ritual."
  },
  {
    "start": 615.28,
    "end": 620.62,
    "text": "It's about strength its about stamina an endurance and Stamina is simply everything."
  },
  {
    "start": 620.68,
    "end": 624.66,
    "text": "during the rut A territorial buck hardly has any time to eat."
  },
  {
    "start": 625.36,
    "end": 627.939,
    "text": "He chases away rivals, he herds females together."
  },
  {
    "start": 628.42,
    "end": 633.339,
    "text": "It's also interesting that territorial males hardly have anytime for grooming during the rut."
  },
  {
    "start": 633.78,
    "end": 638.86,
    "text": "As a result significantly more ticks accumulate on them than other members of their herd."
  },
  {
    "start": 639.36,
    "end": 641.52,
    "text": "And then you often see oxpeckers in these bucks."
  },
  {
    "start": 641.56,
    "end": 648.62,
    "text": "These are small birds that sit on large mammals, antelopes, buffalos and giraffes or rhinoceroses."
  },
  {
    "start": 649.54,
    "end": 652.52,
    "text": "They search the fur for ticks, parasites and small skin debris."
  },
  {
    "start": 653.12,
    "end": 656.12,
    "text": "For The Buck this is now a welcome help to get rid of the ticks."
  },
  {
    "start": 657.28,
    "end": 662.88,
    "text": "By the way common impala are among the smallest antelopes that regularly tolerate these birds on their backs."
  },
  {
    "start": 664.26,
    "end": 668.78,
    "text": "At the peak of the rut A buck can hold its territory for about seven or eight days."
  },
  {
    "start": 669.42,
    "end": 670.26,
    "text": "then he is exhausted."
  },
  {
    "start": 671.04,
    "end": 675.3,
    "text": "He has hardly eaten anything in the last few days And has lost several kilos of body weight."
  },
  {
    "start": 676.54,
    "end": 680.72,
    "text": "A fresh male then displaces him, yes and the process starts all over again."
  },
  {
    "start": 682.06,
    "end": 683.62,
    "text": "And that has an important effect!"
  },
  {
    "start": 684.54,
    "end": 686.18,
    "text": "Different males get to reproduce."
  },
  {
    "start": 686.9,
    "end": 688.56,
    "text": "This promotes genetic diversity."
  },
  {
    "start": 690.12,
    "end": 696.18,
    "text": "If many females mate within a short time window Many lambs will also be born later in a short period of time."
  },
  {
    "start": 696.48,
    "end": 701.54,
    "text": "In Kruger National Park The lambing season begins around the end of November beginning of December."
  },
  {
    "start": 702.06,
    "end": 708.1,
    "text": "It's about three weeks during which most of the lambs are born And suddenly there are a great many newborn common impala."
  },
  {
    "start": 708.62,
    "end": 710.68,
    "text": "Yes, and that is a feast for predators!"
  },
  {
    "start": 711.74,
    "end": 717.959,
    "text": "But that's exactly their strategy... There're so many of them the Predators cannot eat all them."
  },
  {
    "start": 718.0,
    "end": 726.339,
    "text": "This called predator satiation.. There'e so many lambs in such short time That while they do eat animals They by no means eat them ALL."
  },
  {
    "start": 727.56,
    "end": 730.24,
    "text": "By the way A lamb weighs about five kilograms at birth."
  },
  {
    "start": 731.02,
    "end": 733.02,
    "text": "It initially stays hidden for one to two days."
  },
  {
    "start": 733.74,
    "end": 736.22,
    "text": "Later, it joins the herd together with its mother."
  },
  {
    "start": 736.92,
    "end": 739.079,
    "text": "At the beginning, the lamb stays close to her."
  },
  {
    "start": 739.9,
    "end": 744.699,
    "text": "When it becomes stronger and more agile It mixes more and more With other young animals."
  },
  {
    "start": 745.839,
    "end": 750.92,
    "text": "However, it continues to be suckled by Its Mother But Spends increasingly More time in The group."
  },
  {
    "start": 752.0,
    "end": 755.5,
    "text": "The female Young usually stay In the Herd Into which they were born."
  },
  {
    "start": 756.3,
    "end": 757.88,
    "text": "Life looks different for young males."
  },
  {
    "start": 758.68,
    "end": 764.42,
    "text": "When they get older and the next mating season approaches, They are driven out of their herd by territorial bucks."
  },
  {
    "start": 765.54,
    "end": 778.12,
    "text": "Then they join bachelor groups And live there for a few years, grow up become stronger gain experience when strong enough later try to conquer territory mate with females."
  },
  {
    "start": 779.28,
    "end": 783.02,
    "text": "By the way The scientific name of the Impala means Antelope."
  },
  {
    "start": 783.16,
    "end": 784.959,
    "text": "With high horns and black feet."
  },
  {
    "start": 786.12,
    "end": 789.699,
    "text": "The Impala actually has black tufts of hair on its hind legs."
  },
  {
    "start": 789.74,
    "end": 795.339,
    "text": "They are located above the hooves Beneath them, our glands so-called metatarsal glands."
  },
  {
    "start": 795.959,
    "end": 798.16,
    "text": "their function Has not been fully understood to this day."
  },
  {
    "start": 799.22,
    "end": 804.64,
    "text": "It is suspected and I read This very often that when jumping a cheese smelling substance Is activated?"
  },
  {
    "start": 804.78,
    "end": 806.92,
    "text": "And the impala then leaves ascent trail."
  },
  {
    "start": 806.959,
    "end": 815.12,
    "text": "This could help the herd find each other again after fleeing but Ascent trail in the air would actually be blown away by a light breeze."
  },
  {
    "start": 816.14,
    "end": 822.6,
    "text": "Yes, so the exact function of these glands remains unclear and These are exactly the kind of details."
  },
  {
    "start": 822.819,
    "end": 823.04,
    "text": "I love."
  },
  {
    "start": 823.14,
    "end": 834.64,
    "text": "on safari you look at a seemingly completely familiar animal And suddenly a question arises Not everything in nature has been fully explained yes, and that is good and also nice that way."
  }
]